tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-59713889130562616762024-03-12T19:46:28.745-07:00How to be a good writer essayBest Topics For A Persuasive Speechpaigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.comBlogger22125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-71311295277553669902020-09-03T04:48:00.001-07:002020-09-03T04:48:04.420-07:00Mr Alex free essay sampleEncourage Continuous Improvement BSBMGT516C 1. Select a zone for development in your work environment and make a Continuous Improvement Plan for that territory. Remember for your arrangement â⬠utilizing the layouts give: A. A concise layout of the issue you as well as your group have recognized that necessities improving and clarify how it was distinguished, B. The that should be associated with the improvement procedure, C. How correspondence to the work group will happen, D. Training and Mentoring forms required for usage the enhancements, E. What are the possible advantages of the improvement, in the group and the association, F. What are the potential obstructions that could forestall effective usage of the proposed improvement, G. The activities that should be produced to limit the results of the hindrances recently distinguished, H. An activity Plan for execution. I. A checking and Adjustment 2. Build up a procedure for recognizing and recording Continuous Improvement suggestions and results â⬠this could incorporate a Continuous Improvement Log and flowchart/s 3. We will compose a custom exposition test on Mr Alex or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Research and compose a report on an association that is focused on, and has actualized a constant improvement program OR discover progressively about your organisationââ¬â¢s consistent improvement endeavors. ) Have the plans been a triumph to date? Why or why not? ii) Describe the frameworks, procedures and supporting apparatuses that are set up to enable the program to positively affect the association, its kin, and clients. 4. Ceaseless Improvement Plan Background Information| Continuous Improvement Issue| | Persons associated with dynamic process| | How the issue was identified| | How will it be imparted to the work team| | Coaching as well as Mentoring to help the team| | Benefits of the Improvement| 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | Potential Barriers| Potential Barriers| Actions taken to limit barriers| . | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | Contingencies| | 1. Activity Plan| Action Taken| Person Responsible| Start Date| End Date| Milestone for achievement| | | 2. Observing and Adjustment Plan| Are a being monitored| Who is responsible| Resources required| Date for monitoring| Corrective activity required| | Part 2: Portfolio Evidence You will be required to gather important proof, after some time, which can include: Documentary proof might be gathered to exhibit how you have applied for various reasons. For instance, to give: * confirmation of utilizing the abilities required by this unit in the work environment (eg messages, archives you have made in the working environment, meeting minutes, and so forth), * a tribute/outsider report from a director or specialized master to approve other proof you have given, * duplicates of applicable approaches and methods that you should follow while doing the assignments required for this unit * and proof accumulated while finishing evaluation errands. We suggest you gather and record your proof in your Portfolio of Evidence organizer and update the envelope file. It would be ideal if you forward a duplicate of the proof with your other finished undertakings. (Note: Only the first page and substance page of itemized approaches should be sent) paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-60776247952484580602020-08-22T18:13:00.001-07:002020-08-22T18:13:23.854-07:00Sahil KOLB s assignmentIn the event that I place score reviews on various words been Provided, at that point the best scores are in Scale AWE and CE, then again, the least scores are in OR and AC. Moreover; subsequent to taking away AC by CE and AWE by OR, results are - 3 and 11. In this way I fall in a classification of Assimilates who as opposed to feeling, they think and afterward apply their methodologies. Essentially am a visual and inventive student in light of the way that can learn things effectively in an envisioned Surroundings rather than progressively hypothetical, I lean toward o watch things and afterward learn and apply in future. M consistently been sharp keen on including myself in imaginative undertaking since I can investigate my ability in progressively Better manner. As per Kola's Learning Model, have irregular capacities, for example, Abstract Conceptualization And Reflective Observation that implies I learn things which depend on specific ideas and perception in a sensible and intell igent manner. I believe that the most ideal approach to learn is through focusing on addresses since We can watch different ideas and in addition by including our self in adequate number of errand, conversations, ProjectsAs per KOLA'S CHART, I being as acclimatizes who is all the more closer to Converge and Diverged in light of the fact that as we Know that in veered, they additionally has characteristics of intelligent perception in which, they want to watch and learn through talking about and conceptualizing however when contrasted with absorbs they generally feel as opposed to suspecting. Aside from separated, absorbs is likewise near merge, who additionally share unique conceptualization; that implies, they likewise want to consider rather feeling. Merges likewise have faith in learning abilities through Motivation and ideas. However, merges consistently incline toward in doing as opposed to giving needs in watching things.They likewise have faith in seeking after learning aptit udes through talks, ventures, papers and so forth. Moreover; According to the outcomes, I being as acclimatizes is absolutely against Accommodated on account of the explanation that they want to learn through inclination and doing. In addition they likewise have capacities of solid experience and dynamic experimentation which are excluded from Assimilates, as they have confidence in intuition and watching things as opposed to feeling and doing. Aside from that, Somehow Assimilates is between identified with combine and veered , as they share a few capacities During their learning.Assimilation's are less keen on getting things done without watching them as a result of the way that they need results exact and coherent, so they can undoubtedly comprehend things in a shorter time. With everything taken into account; as indicated by my past scholarly records, I learnt things all the more consistently, outwardly and through sound-related Skills. I feel that I am increasingly present-situa ted who can investigate effectively through direction and inspiration. At whatever point watch things from progressively pictured condition, it encourages me to comprehend in increasingly down to earth way. paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-46927453629136387382020-08-21T15:55:00.001-07:002020-08-21T15:55:12.980-07:00Architects Guide to Running a Job Research PaperDesigners Guide to Running a Job - Research Paper Example Numerous individuals have perceived the advantages of the development business to people in general and consequently occupied with it. The arrangement that the group has thought of on the site redevelopment incorporates the proposals, distinguishing any potential issues with respect to the site and the structure of improvements planned to make sure about investment funds for the customer for more than 20percent of what might be the capital expense. The proposed plan offers good conditions according to the economic situations with the primary test being the conveyance of critical volume and its execution. Crafted by the group had the option to concoct a structure that will meet the clientââ¬â¢s desires concerning the timescale for finishing the redevelopment, give suggestions in each progression of the undertaking, give the customer esteem for his cash and give a positive commitment to the development business. Business improvement locales have been related with business and mechanical property customers inside business zones that have been determined. A portion of the customers wind up collaborating with a point of animating their business. The teamââ¬â¢s job is to give both coordination and suggestion jobs during such redevelopment ventures (Larson, 2002, p. 45). A specific territory that needs redevelopment is a site in the Dundas Street situated between the Landsdowne railroad line and Bathurst. The area is energetic and blended in with little and retail business. The site is likewise morally blended accordingly pulls in settlers from the original and different members in th e development business. This makes the site a wide salary region and furthermore has a blend of inhabitants as far as culture and ethnicity. It is among the regions in Downtown West where there is moderate private and business rents are still offered (Larson, 2012, p. 78). paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-84850740581410925302020-06-09T00:36:00.001-07:002020-06-09T00:36:06.794-07:00The Search for Identity through Body Modification Body modification of one sort or another has always been practiced new technologies have opened up the possibility for radical change. This has meant that we can now change fundamental aspects of our bodies most obviously our biological sex, but also racial characteristics, signs of ageing and apparent physical imperfections. Basically will be looking at what it means to want to radically alter the body to believe indeed that we have the wrong body CASE STUDY: NIP TUCK Throughout the dissertation will be exploring the meanings acquired bythe body in modern, western societies. In doing so the dissertationwill examine the ways in which bodies are shaped, acted upon,represented and experienced. Therefore explore various ways in which the body has been seen as anobject (the body we have), as a subject (the body we are) and as aproject (the body that we become) and will explore how these processesare intimately linked to regimes of power and knowledge. For example, recent years have seen the increased prominence andsignificance of various body projects health and fitness, dieting,cosmetic surgery and body modification- along side a number ofcontemporary problems associated with the body new reproductivetechnologies, genetic engineering, cybernetics, etc. As these examples show, the body in contemporary culture has become amalleable object crucial for the articulation of identities of race ,gender, and sub cultural affiliation. This disse rtation will critically examine some of these contemporarytrends whilst simultaneously focusing on their social and historicalcontexts in order to give us a broader understanding of their meaningsand implications. I. Introduction Body modification has been practiced in a number of ways and for avariety of reasons since ancient times; it has existed on some levelfor thousands of years. Historical evidence suggests that red dyeextracted from hematite was used to paint the body as many as 20,000years ago. Archeological evidence proves that as many as 10,000 yearsago, parts of animal bones, animal teeth, and colorful stones were usedto decorate the body. Hair combs date back to nearly 5,000 years ago.Water served ancient peoples as mirrors until 4,500, when the firstmirror is believed to have been invented (Ehsan, 1999, 49-52). Society has progressed since those early days. One need only turn onthe television or leaf through a magazine to be bombarded with allkinds of advertisements for body modification. Chemical treatments canstraighten hair and change skin tone and texture. Surgical procedurescan decrease or (more often) augment breast size. Penile implants claimto enhance sexual performance. Unwanted fat can be removed in anynumber ways, ranging from dietary changes to liposuction. Some signs ofageing can be temporarily reversed with injections of Botox; others canbe permanently altered, again through surgery. Today in the western world, body modification is widely practiced inall classes of society. Often it is the result of societal pressure toachieve perfection. At times it is a ritual or rite of initiationwithin a group or social hierarchy. Less often, although this issteadily increasing, the body is modified to change its gender; this isdone through surgical procedures supplemented by hormonal and similarsupplementary treatments. Women are considered the most frequent targets of this pressure toachieve somatic perfection, and therefore they are the most frequentpractitioners of body modification. However, this pressure affects menas well. This paper will examine four specific types of bodymodification: tattooing and scarification; piercing; diet and exercise;and aestheti c surgery. Although these are by no means the only methods of body modification,they are among the most widespread and they cover a wide spectrum.Still, whether it takes the form of a minor dietary modification or anextreme makeover, it is clear that most individuals in the westernworld practice some sort of body modification. For this reason, it is apractice which merits close study and consideration. How far will someindividuals go in this pursuit for perfection? How much of this willsociety sanction? What are the implications for our future and that offuture generations? These are the questions to be explored throughoutthe course of this research. Tattoos and Scarification The word ââ¬Å"tattooâ⬠is derived from a Tahitian word meaning ââ¬Å"to mark.â⬠The act of tattooing is believed to be over ten thousand years old, andit has had a variety of uses throughout history. Tattoos have played animportant role in various tribal and cultural rituals. For example,ancient Greeks used them as part of a sophisticated espionage system.Romans used tattoos to clearly mark criminals and slaves. In Borneo,women would have symbols of special skills or talents tattooed on theirforearms, thus alerting potential marriage partners of theirmarketability. Although tattooing has flourished consistently in many cultures, itspopularity in western civilization has fluctuated widely. After waningfor several centuries, it was reintroduced in the late seventeenthcentury, but it was not until the late eighteenth century that it onceagain became widespread, Even so, it often had negative associationsand tattooed individuals were mostly relegated to the fringes ofsoc iety, such as freak show oddities and carnival workers. In the 20th century, the art of tattooing waxed and waned as societyrapidly changed with the proliferation of new and better technologies.By the late sixties it was still primarily an underground operation,often the provenance of biker groups and criminals. From the latetwentieth century until today, however, tattooing has enjoyed renewedpopularity as body decoration, and is seen in a much more positivelight, often as an art itself. In addition to the more traditional inktattoos, there are those caused by puncturing and/or burning the skin.In this process, known as scarification, scalpels or cauterizing toolsare applied to selected areas of the skin, and the resulting scartissue is the desired result. Better technology has improved technique and ease of application forall kinds of tattooing; in addition, more sanitary conditions havelessened the risk of diseases such as hepatitis. These two points haveno doubt contributed to the revival and renewed respect for thepractice of tattooing. However, as it will be discussed, changes inattitudes toward the body have also played a part in its reawakenedpopularity. Body piercing also has a long and varied history, dating back toancient times. There are mentions of body piercing in the Bible. Inaddition, it was a frequent practice of ancient Romans. Roman warriorsoften pierced their nipples, considering this to be a sign of strengthand masculinity; it was also a practical measure, a way of attachingcloaks to the body. Roman gladiators, who usually held the status of slaves, alsounderwent body-piercing, though as slaves they had little choice. Oftengladiators would be subjected to genital piercing, primarily throughthe head of the penis. This was partially a protective measure,allowing the ringed penile tip to be tied close to the body duringbattle, protecting it from injury. But it was also a territorialmeasure, since they were considered property of th eir owners. Placementof a larger ring through the penile tip could also prevent sex, makingit essentially a male chastity belt, to be removed at the discretion ofthe gladiatorââ¬â¢s owner. Aztec and Mayan Indians were known to have pierced their lips as partof religious ritual, believing this brought them closer to their god.They also pierced the septum, believing this gave them a fierce,intimidating appearance during battle. Aztecs and Mayans were also fondof lip labrets, which were often made of precious metals and servedhighly decorative purposes. During medieval times the art of body piercing lost favor, regainingpopularity during the Renaissance period. It enjoyed unprecedentedpopularity during the Victorian Era, due to the sexual pleasures it wasknown to enhance. Until recently, body-piercing, like tattooing, was primarily associatedwith fringe groups in western society. However, today it no longerexists solely in the realm of punk rock and fetish scenes. Nose-,nip ple-, and navel- piercing is now common in contemporary westernsociety, alongside the more traditional pierced ears and the lessvisible genital piercings. Diet and exerciseââ¬âoften used togetherââ¬âare another form of bodymodification. The diet industry is huge in western countries. Appetitesuppressants, both prescription and over-the-counter types, areextremely popular. Fad diets such as the South Beach Diet or the AtkinsProgram attract and retain large numbers of followers. Health clubs andgyms are another large part of this industry, selling memberships whichpromise buyers a new way of life and a fitââ¬âand thinââ¬âfuture. To membersof a society who desire this more than anything else, it is not a hardsell. Excessive dieting can lead to life-threatening eating disorders. Theprimary disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia, and they primarilyafflict women, mostly in their teens and twenties. Although ââ¬Å"anorexiaâ⬠itself literally means ââ¬Å"loss of appetite,â⬠this disease often has moreto do with a denial of appetite rather than loss of desire for food. Its sufferers will go for extended periods of time without eating, orwill eat just the barest amounts of food, in an effort to become and/orremain thin. The most tragic aspect of anorexia is that often thesufferer loses a sense of her own body, refusing to acknowledge thatshe has gone way beyond ââ¬Å"thinâ⬠ââ¬âanorexics are often emaciated. Bulimia is a disorder which is characterized by ingestions of largeamounts of foodââ¬âbingingââ¬âfollowed by a period of purging, to rid thebody of the unwanted calories. Purging may be achieved by vomiting,either self-induced or through chemicals such as syrup of Ipecac.Excessive laxative use is also associated with this disorder. Oftenbulimics will have a low-to-normal body weight as compared toanorexics, but sufferers of both disorders face similar health problemsdue to electrolyte imbalance, nutritional deficiencies, and relatedcomplications. Susan Bordo sees eating disorders as complex, multi-layered disordersin which the sufferer sees her body as alien, as a threat to control,as an enemy. She also sees it as a gender/power issue and a protestagainst the confines of femininity. Exercise, on the other hand, can be seen as a way of activelyasserting control instead of passively denying oneself. It can beargued that exercise is taken by some for the sake of exercise, butthere is no doubt that it is also an activity that is undertaken tocombat corporeal excesses and to exert control over the body. Some forms of exerciseââ¬âfor example, body-building and weight-lifting,can also be a form of exerting control without the concomitantexistence of an eating disorder, and are more commonly undertaken bymen, though women are involved in this as well. Surgical modification can be called many names, among them: plasticsurgery; reconstructive surgery; or, as Sander Gilman prefer s to referto it: aesthetic surgery. Indeed, this type of surgery includes a widevariety of procedures, from surgically correcting a birth deform suchas a cleft palate, to disfigurements due to accident or injuryorfrom a subtle removal of ââ¬Å"crowsââ¬â¢ linesâ⬠or other signs of age, to moredramatic adjustments to a too-large nose or an unacceptably sharp chin.The most extreme result of this type of surgery involves gendermodification. Surgical body modification is different from most other forms in thatit generally implies a level of secrecy that the others do not. Theprocedure and the recuperation period that follows both take placebehind closed doors, sometimes even in foreign lands. Furthermore, thereappearance of the individual after the procedure is not accompaniedby any sort of fanfare; there is an implicit assumption that theindividual has always appeared thus, or if the change is dramatic, thatit is not to be spoken of. Discussions of surgical body modificat ion in this paper will focusprimarily on elective surgery undertaken for purely cosmetic purposes,so that it may be explored and assessed as part of the larger societaltrend towards achievement of physical perfection at any cost. Sander Gilmanââ¬â¢s comprehensive body of research is well worth exploring,particularly two of his books: Creating Beauty to Cure the Soul: Raceand Psychology in the Shaping of Aesthetic Surgery, and Making the BodyBeautiful: A Cultural History of Aesthetic Surgery. His works provide abroad and thorough base for any study of body modification, though hisprimary focus is on surgical enhancements. Yet while Gilman thoroughly addresses the subject of aesthetic surgery,the focus is on the surgery itself, as well as upon the need for it andwhat that need signifies. Discussion of the body itself is limited inGilmanââ¬â¢s work; it is seen only in terms of its potential for surgicalalteration. In addition, other types of body modificationââ¬âsuch as piercing, tattoos, weight-loss regimens, exerciseââ¬âare only brieflycovered in his work. While he speculates on the significance ofaesthetic surgery thoughtfully and articulately, his ideas do not gobeyond surgical issues (though, to be fair, they do not pretend to; heis very clear about the scope and limitations of his research). For broader looks at the concept of the body and the various modes ofmodification now prevalent in society, we can turn to otherresearchers. Much of the current literature seeks to approach theconcept of the body from a different angle, focusing on the bodyitself. Interestingly enough, many of these researchers findsignificance in the fact that focus on the body seems to be missing inmuch of the earlier literature, or, if not missing, submerged. Bryan Turner begins his book The Body and Society by immediatelyintroducing the duality of the body, opening with what is at once aseemingly simple yet very complex statement: ââ¬Å"There is an obvious andprominent fact about human beings: they have bodies and they are bodies(Turner 1996, 37). He goes on to point out that despite this veryobvious fact, there is a seeming lack of information about the body insociology; he explains that beyond a wealth of historical andmathematical data, there is really no actual investigation of the bodyin and of itselfââ¬âor, rather, that this information is there, but deeplyencoded: ââ¬Å"in writing about sociologyââ¬â¢s neglect of the body, it may bemore exact to refer to this negligence as submergence rather thanabsence, since the body in sociological theory has had a furtive,secret history rather than no history at all (Turner 1996, 63). Joanne Entwistle cites Turner several times in her own work, though herperspective is clearly focused on the significance of clothing andfashion. In ââ¬Å"The Dressed Body,â⬠she addresses, as the title of heressay suggests, the symbolic meaning of clothing. She points out thatthere is an abun dance of straightforward description concerning theparticulars of style: colors, hemlines, cut, accessoriesââ¬âbut thisrarely goes beyond details of style. There is very little literaturethat looks at the very subtle and complex relationship between the bodyand clothing. Since social norms demand that bodies must (almost)always be dressed, she finds this lack telling: ââ¬Å"dress is fundamentalto micro social order and the exposure of naked flesh is, potentiallyat least, disruptive of social orderâ⬠(Entwistle 2001, 33-34). In fact, Entwistle, like many of her contemporaries, views the body asan entity in and of itself, asserting that ââ¬Å"we experience our bodies asseparate from others and increasingly we identify with our bodies ascontainers of our identities and places of personal expression.(Entwistle 2000, 138). Chris Shilling echoes both Turner and Entwistle about the seeming lackof focus on the body itself. However, Shilling points out that this isnow changi ng, and that academic interest in the body itself is steadilygrowing: ââ¬Å"the sociology of the body has emerged as a distinct area ofstudy, and it has even been suggested that the body should serve as anorganizing principle for sociology (Shilling 1993, 1). As for what has brought about this new and much-needed shift inperspective, Shilling and others agree that it seems based on conflict.It is perhaps Shilling who best describes the paradox at the core ofthis change: ââ¬Å"We now have the means to exert an unprecedented degree ofcontrol over bodies, yet we are also living in an age which has throwninto radical doubt our knowledge of what bodies are and how we shouldcontrol them (Shilling 1993, 3). This paradox is a recurring theme inthe literature, both in the writings about the body as well as themultitudinous passages about the various procedures to which it issubjected to in todayââ¬â¢s world. There is, however, a general consensus that surgery is the mostdramatic f orm of body modificationââ¬âin particular, cosmetic surgery(Gilman consistently refers to it as ââ¬Å"aesthetic surgery,â⬠which seems amuch softer and much more positive term). Cosmetic surgery for most ofthese researchers includes any kind of surgical enhancement that isperformed solely for aesthetic ends, although the definition ofââ¬Å"aestheticâ⬠can vary widely. Other types of surgeries are considered as well, including thoseinvolving gender modification. However, most of the literature studiedfor this paper has tended to focus on the more mainstream applicationsof aesthetic surgery. Transsexual operations, and the many issuestherein, are acknowledged by virtually all researchers, but they arenot explored in any depth in the sources considered for this paper.Considering the many procedural and ethical issues involved intransgender procedures, this is not surprising. It is a rapidlychanging surgical sub-specialty, and one with wide-ranging sociologicaland psy chological issues, none of which can be adequately dealt with ina footnote to a more general piece of research. Indeed, the body seems to have become a thing separate from the self, acontinual work-in-progress with a growing number of options andââ¬Å"enhancementsâ⬠to choose from. The theme of body-as-object is echoedthroughout the current sociological literature and in other disciplinesas well. Speaking of the body as art, Lea Vergine posits that The body is being used as an art language by an ever greater number ofcontemporary painters and sculptors.It always involves, for examplea loss of personal identity, a refusal to allow the sense of reality toinvade and control the sphere of the emotions, and a romantic rebellionagainst dependence upon both people and things (Vergine 2000, 1). Entwistle explores the relationship between the body and societalpressures, asserting that there are ââ¬Å"two bodies: the physical body andthe social bodyâ⬠(2001, 37). To under stand the role of dress, shefurther notes, ââ¬Å"requires adopting an approach which acknowledges thebody as a social entity and dress as the outcome of both social factorsand individual actionsâ⬠(2001, 48). Entwistle explains that in contemporary culture, the body has becomethe ââ¬Å"site of identityâ⬠: ââ¬Å"We experience our bodies as separate fromothers and increasingly we identify with our bodies as containers ofour identities and places of personal expressionâ⬠(Entwistle 2000,138). However, when we consider that society pressures us to achieve asingle, consistent ideal of perfection, it seems a contradiction toaccept the concept of body as a vehicle for personal expression. Whatpersonal expression is there in sameness? Vergine reconciles this seeming contradiction by perceiving the body as a vehicle for art and language: The use of the body as a language has returned to the scene of theworld around us in new and different forms, and it speaks throu ghaltered declinations.By way of tattoos, piercings, and citations oftribalism. Through manipulations of its organs. The instrument thatspeaks and communicates without the word, or sounds, or drawings. Thebody as a vehicle, once again, for declaring opposition to the dominantculture, but also of desperate conformism. (Vergine 2001, 289). Shilling explores the concept of the body as machine, particularly inthe world of sports: ââ¬Å"The ââ¬Ëbody as machineââ¬â¢ is not merely a medicalimage, however; one of the areas in which the body is most commonlyperceived and treated in this way is in the sphere of sportâ⬠(Shilling1993, 37). He explains that the vocabulary used in the field of sportsserves to depersonalize the body, to transform it into an object whosesole purpose is optimum performance: ââ¬Å"the body has come to be seen ââ¬Ëasa means to an enda factor of output and productionâ⬠¦as a machine withthe job of producing the maximum work and energyââ¬â¢ (Sh illing 1993, 37). Turner also addresses the concept of body mutilation as an attempt toassert control in a chaotic world, relating it back to Christianity. Hedescribes the body as ââ¬Å"a genuine object of a sociology of knowledge.â⬠(Turner 1996, 64). He explains that the Western world customarilytreats the body as ââ¬Å"the seat of unreason, passion and desire,â⬠and goeson to discuss the battle of the flesh with the spirit: ââ¬Å"flesh was thesymbol of moral corruption which threatened the order of the world: theflesh had to be subdued by disciplines, especially by the regimen ofdiet and abstinenceâ⬠(Turner 1996, 64). The concept of chaos is another recurrent theme in recent discourse onbody modification. Entwistle sees fashion as one way in whichindividuals attempt to assert control over the ever-increasing chaos oftodayââ¬â¢s worldâ⬠ââ¬Å"If nakedness is unruly and disruptive, this would seemto indicate that dress is a fundamental aspect of mic ro social orderâ⬠she asserts (2001, 35). This is echoed by Armando Favazza in Bodies Under Siege:Self-mutilation and Body Modification in Culture and Psychiatry. ââ¬Å"Chaosis the greatest threat to the stability of the universe,â⬠he writes(1996, 231). He goes on to explain how we need social stability toco-exist, that it gives us the framework for appropriate sexualbehavior, the ability to recognize and negotiate among various socialhierarchies, and the tools necessary to successfully make thetransition from childhood into mature adulthood. ââ¬Å"The alteration ordestruction of body tissueâ⬠asserts Favazza, ââ¬Å"helps to establishcontrol of things and to preserve the social orderâ⬠(1996, 231). Favazza sees self-mutilation as an attempt on the part of theself-mutilator to control the chaotic world around him or her. He alsopoints out that self-mutilation is often culturally sanctioned. Whetheror not a practice falls under the category of ââ¬Å"mutil ation,â⬠accordingto Favazza, depends on whether or not there is a change to oreradication of body tissue. Clearly tattooing, scarification,body-piercing and surgery meet this criterion. This focus on the body is particularly significant, as Shilling pointsout, questioning why, ââ¬Å"at a time when our health is threatenedincreasingly by global dangers, we are exhorted ever more to takeindividual responsibility for our bodies by engaging in strictself-care regimesâ⬠(Shilling 1993, 5). As he and other researcherspoint out, our inability to control outer chaos seems to have resultedin our focusing on our bodies as disparate parts of our selves and ofour universe: this is one small way we can assert control, or at leastfeel as though we are. Surgical modification can be called many names, among them: plasticsurgery; reconstructive surgery; or, as Sander Gilman prefers to referto it: aesthetic surgery. Indeed, this type of surgery includes a widevariety of procedures, from surgically correcting a birth deform suchas a cleft palate, to disfigurements due to accident or injuryorfrom a subtle removal of ââ¬Å"crowsââ¬â¢ linesâ⬠or other signs of age, to moredramatic adjustments to a too-large nose or an unacceptably sharp chin.The most extreme result of this type of surgery involves gendermodification. One point that should be reiterated here is that surgical bodymodification is unique. It is different from most other forms in thatit generally implies a level of secrecy that the others do not. Boththe procedure and the recuperation period that follows both take placebehind closed doors, sometimes even in foreign lands. Furthermore, thereappearance of the individual after the procedure is not accompaniedby any sort of fanfare; there is an implicit assumption that theindividual has always appeared thus, or if the change is dramatic, thatit is not to be spoken of. Sander Gilman offers the most comprehensive history of aestheticsurgery, a long with a broad and varied perspective. In his booksCreating Beauty to Cure the Soul: Race and Psychology in the Shaping ofAesthetic Surgery, and Making the Body Beautiful: A Cultural History ofAesthetic Surgery, he addresses the complex reasons behind the growthof aesthetic surgery, and explores its significance and complexity. Inthe first volume, he clearly focuses on it primarily as a form ofpsychotherapy. The second work is rich in historical detail andthoroughly traces the development of aesthetic surgery from itsearliest days to modern times. Gilman follows the development of aesthetic surgery over the course ofthe nineteenth century, and notes that during this time ââ¬Å"the idea thatone: could cure the illness of the character or of the psyche throughthe altering of the body is introduced within specific ideas of what isbeautiful or ugly (1998, 7). He also asserts that the lessening of the stigma of mental illness isdirectly related to the fact that in todayââ¬â¢ s society, the view ofaesthetic surgery as a type of psychotherapy is gradually becomingaccepted. According to Gilman, ââ¬Å"psychotherapy and aesthetic surgery areclosely intertwined in terms of their explanatory modelsâ⬠(1998, 11). He explains that the lessening of the stigma of mental illness hasresulted in healthier attitudes towards psychotherapeutic interventionas well as a growing acceptance of aesthetic surgery, and he discussesthe issue from a variety of viewpoints: the patient, the physician,society at large. Addressing the concept that ââ¬Å"happinessâ⬠is theprimary motivation that spurs individuals to pursue this avenue ofchange, he is careful to study the various definitions people offer forââ¬Å"happinessâ⬠and discusses these within the larger societal context.ââ¬Å"Aesthetic surgeons operate on the body to heal the psyche,â⬠assertsGilman. ââ¬Å"Being unhappy is identified in Western culture with beingsick. In our estimation only the phy sician can truly ââ¬Ëcureââ¬â¢ our spiritsand our soulsââ¬â¢ ââ¬Å"(1998, 25). According to Gilman, it was during the Enlightenment that the conceptof happiness ceased to be one of a collective morality. During thisperiod, he writes, ââ¬Å"the hygiene of the body became the hygiene of thespirit and that of the stateâ⬠(1999, 21). Today, he asserts, the ââ¬Å"pursuit of happinessâ⬠is no longer a collectivegoal but an individual desireâ⬠(1998, 27). This equating of unhappinesswith pain is a concept that began to be formulated in the second halfof the nineteenth century, and is closely tied to social and culturalattitudes toward the body and the blurring of the distinction betweenââ¬Å"somatic and mental pain,â⬠as he phrases it. Indeed, it is remarkable how often aesthetic surgeons cite ââ¬Å"happinessâ⬠as the goal of the surgery. ââ¬Å"Happinessâ⬠for aesthetic surgeons is autilitarian notion of happiness, like that espoused by John StuartMill, who placed the idea of happiness within the definition ofindividual autonomy Happiness, the central goal of aestheticsurgery, is defined in terms of the autonomy of the individual totransform him- or herself (Gilman 1999, 18). In Making the Body Beautiful: A Cultural History of Aesthetic Surgery,he states that ââ¬Å"body imagery follows the lines of political andcultural power,â⬠and he offers a clear, in-depth history of aestheticsurgery in the western world, carefully noting its connection tosocial, political and technological changes (Gilman 1999, 105). He also carefully traces the history of aesthetic surgery, explainingits strong affiliation with syphilis. Apparently, one of the results ofa syphilitic infection was damage to the nose, and that attempts tosurgically reconstruct the nose were therefore strongly andinextricably tied to venereal disease and the concomitant loosemorality. The association made between nose surgery and syphilis was sodeepl y ingrained that it continued to taint aesthetic nose surgery formany years: ââ¬Å"The rise of aesthetic surgery at the end of the sixteenthcentury is rooted in the appearance of epidemic syphilis. Syphilis wasa highly stigmatizing disease from its initial appearance at the closeof the fifteenth centuryâ⬠(Gilman 1999, 10). Gilman also discusses the impact of important historical events on thedevelopment of surgery in general and on reconstructive surgery inparticular; he describes the effect of the American and FrenchRevolution and the American Civil War on body image and on the role ofaesthetic surgery in restructuring it. Significant changes in aestheticsurgery took place following the upheaval that resulted from thesepolitical revolutions. In a society thus destabilized after years ofrepression, radical changes in thinking occurred, including changingconcepts of the body: ââ¬Å"It is not that the reconstructed body wasinvented at the end of the nineteenth century,â⬠explains Gilman, ââ¬Å"butrather that questions about the ability of the individual to betransformed, which had been articulated as social or political in thecontext of the state, came to be defined as biological and medicalâ⬠(1999, 19). Later developments, such as globalization, have had a huge impact onaesthetic surgery. For reasons of privacy, availability, and/or cost,many people will travel to foreign surgery sites. Since they oftenspend considerable amounts of time in these locations, they often endup bolstering the economy as tourists, hence spurring an entirely newand thriving industry of medical tourism. Gilman describes medicaltourism as a thriving business due to the widespread and increasingpopularity of elective aesthetic surgery. ââ¬Å"You can become someone new and better by altering the body,â⬠Gilmantells us as he plunges into a lengthy examination of the role bodymodification has played in society. He begins by discussing theassimilation of for eigners into society, and the steps to which peoplewill go to achieve the goal of ââ¬Å"fitting inâ⬠or ââ¬Å"passingâ⬠for somethingthey are not: ââ¬Å"the transformation of the individual, such as theimmigrant, into a healthy member of the new polisâ⬠(Gilman 1999, 20). According to Gilman, happiness may be sought through aesthetic surgerybecause it offers individuals the opportunity to redefine themselves.Categories of inclusion and exclusion, whether tacit or broadlydelineated, impact strongly on societal hierarchies. ââ¬Å"Happiness in thisinstance exists in crossing the boundary separating one category fromanother,â⬠explains Gilman. ââ¬Å"It is rooted in the necessary creation ofarbitrary demarcations between the perceived reality of the self andthe ideal category into which one desires to moveâ⬠(Gilman 1999, 22). The categories are defined so that there is no question about whichcategory is most beneficial. Of course, the advantages of ea chconstructed category are subject to change as society changes. Theideal is to be to move from the negative category to the positivecategory; the ââ¬Å"catchâ⬠is that categories are subject to frequentchange. Gilman and other researchers refer to ââ¬Å"the discourse of ââ¬Ëpassing.ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ This discourse came into existence during the racially chargednineteenth century, and is, according to Gilman, ââ¬Å"the very wellspringof aesthetic surgery.â⬠Citing the research of sociologist Max Weber, Gilman discusses theconcept of validity and acceptance, which are only gained when one isrecognized and accepted by the prevailing social group: ââ¬Å"validitythrough group consensus.â⬠In this light, Gilman posits, we can seeââ¬Å"passingâ⬠as a type of ââ¬Å"silent validationâ⬠(Gilman 1999, 26). In Customizing the Body: The Art and Culture of Tattooing, ClintonSanders writes that ââ¬Å"in western societies body sculpting to attainbeauty or t o avoid identification with disvalued groups is a commonpracticeâ⬠(Sanders 1989, 7). He then goes on to describe the many waysin which people try to merge into the desired social group. Kinky hairis chemically straightened, while ââ¬Å"ethnicâ⬠noses are permanentlyreshaped through plastic surgery. Less invasive procedures are dietarychanges and exercise routines, which will reduce or increase bodymeasurements in keeping with the style of the time. Richard Dyer echoes and expands on this in White. He discusses the useof skin lighteners on black skin, pointing out that ââ¬Å"a black person whouses lighteners does not succeed in passing him or herself off as amember of another raceâ⬠(Dyer 1997, 50). He compares this to tanning,which is the reverse, but points out that the two are very different.The aim of chemical lighteners by blacks is to ââ¬Å"passâ⬠themselves off asmembers of a different race, or of a different hierarchy within theirgiven race. This is a much different goal and not one which is soughtthrough tanning. Dyer also points out that the ultimate goal of the process oflightening the skin is, as noted earlier, to ââ¬Å"pass,â⬠and that there isno greater ridicule than when this fails: ââ¬Å"the failure to achieve thisaim is a source of ridiculeâ⬠He also discusses the pop icon MichaelJackson, whose changing skin tone has given rise to rumors over theyears. Notes Dyer: ââ¬Å"Few things have delighted the white press as muchas the disfigurement of Michael Jacksonââ¬â¢s face through what have beensupposed to be his attempts to become white (Dyer 1997, 50). ââ¬Å"In theUnited States, there was an explosion of hair straightening and skinlightening among African Americans at the beginning of the twentiethcentury,â⬠Gilman adds (1999, 111). Gilman, Dyer and others spend a great deal of time discussing the nose.No other body organ seems to have caused so much anguish nor receivedso much attention throu ghout the course of the development of aestheticsurgery. Its initial and unfortunate association with syphilis accordedthis organ a significant amount of power as a social marker, much ofwhich was unmerited. Gilman explains that ââ¬Å"the difference of the too-short nose is a racialdifference and racial differencesâ⬠in the nineteenth century were seenas ââ¬Å"signs of characterâ⬠(Gilman 1999, 85). Furthermore, he explainsthat in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the noses of. ââ¬Å"theblack and the Jewâ⬠were thought to be ââ¬Å"signs of their ââ¬Ëprimitiveââ¬â¢nature.â⬠He relates this back to syphilis: ââ¬Å"this was primarily becausethe too-flat nose came to be associated with the inherited syphiliticnoseâ⬠(Gilman 1999, 85). In the late nineteenth century there arose the new problem of the ââ¬Å"pugâ⬠nose, which was associated with Irish ethnicity rather than withsyphilis. Thus aesthetic surgery began to evolve into a way t o ââ¬Å"createnew Americans out of the noses of Irish immigrantsâ⬠(Gilman 1999, 91).ââ¬Å"Their new noses did not mask the sexual sins of their parents,â⬠explains Gilman, ââ¬Å"but the fact that their parents came from elsewhere,in the case of the pug nose, from lrelandâ⬠(Gilman 1999, 91). When political and cultural climates change, body imagery is soon tofollow. This was clearly seen in Vietnam. After American troops leftthe country, notes Gilman a detailed physiognomic study determined the relative facial dimensionsof the Vietnamese so as to provide an adequate, non-Westernizing modelfor the relationship among the features, including the form and shapeof the eyes, for aesthetic surgeons. This was clearly in response tothe explosion in aesthetic surgery, which remade the faces and breastsof the women of Vietnam into ââ¬ËWesternââ¬â¢ faces and bodies (Gilman 1999,105). In a similar vein, Asian-American women came to thought as having aââ¬Å"â⬠Ëblankââ¬â¢ look that is equated in American society with ââ¬Ëdullness,passivity, and lack of emotion.ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ To remedy this, explains Gilman,aesthetic surgery again came into play. Asian-American women began tohave their eyelids restructured to match more accepted Caucasianfeatures. They also had their noses restructured, specifically byhaving the bridges heightened and the tips made less prominent.ââ¬Å"Whether black, Irish, or Asian, the nose that is too small or too flathas been altered by the aesthetic surgeon because of its ââ¬Å"othernessâ⬠inrelation to Western ideals, writes Gilman (1999, 117). The anxiety associated with the Jewish nose began to be matched at thebeginning of the twentieth century by yet another anxiety about thepenis. ââ¬Å"The nose and its surgical repair seemed a natural analogy tomyths about Jewish sexuality, which haunted the medical literature ofEurope. Jewish sexuality, as represented by the practice of infant malecircumcisi on, became the touchstone for the belief that Jewish socialpractices were the cause of the biological differences of the Jew.(Gilman 199, 137). Today in the U.S. and other western nations, body modification iswidely practiced in all classes of society. Often body modification isthe result of societal pressure for perfection. It can be seen, however, that the precise social significance of thebody has definitely begun to shift. Shilling notes that in the past,the body was defined by national government, but that recentlywomenââ¬âand menââ¬âhave begun to ââ¬Å"reclaimâ⬠their bodies, and to assess theirself-identities in new and different ways (Shilling 1993, 30). Alongwith this, however, there is the development of a new technology, onewhich offers a range of surgical enhancements that have until now beenthe stuff of science fiction. Thus arises the paradox: we can remoldand redesign our bodies, can surgically manipulate them into anythingwe want them to beââ¬â however, we are not quite sure what it is we wantthem to be. In addition to the confusion of our own self-identity issues, there aresocial and demographic changes in western society which cannot beignored. The elderly population is now larger than ever before: thereare more of us, and we are living longer. The needs of the elderly willno doubt impact societal attitudes and affect the way we look atourselves as humans and as individuals. Methods of categorization have been shifting as we seek to redefine sexand gender, nature and culture, biology and society. Boundaries havebegun to blend and merge, and resulting confusion is even moreproblematic. Change is both constant and rapid, welcomed and feared.The need to exert control over our bodies seems stronger than ever, yetit is accompanied by a crisis in their meaning. Additional considerations are advances in such areas as transplantsurgery. These exacerbate our uncertainty about the body by threateningcollapse the boundari es upon which we have come to rely. The line whichseparates body from technology has begun to shift, leading to issues oflegal and political importance. ââ¬Å"The idea that the body is the locationof anti-social desire is thus not a physiological fact but a culturalconstruct which has significant political implicationsâ⬠(Turner 1996,65). It has also been suggested that this excessive dependence on reality,coupled with the obsessive need to control our bodies, is one way inwhich we respond to a chaotic world. Huge global issues menace ourfutures, and we react to this by looking inward, but in the mostsuperficial of ways. The concept of chaos is another recurrent theme in recent discourse onbody modification. We have seen that fashion is one way in whichindividuals attempt to assert control over the ever-increasing chaos oftodayââ¬â¢s world. As Entwistle posits, ââ¬Å"if nakedness is unruly anddisruptive, this would seem to indicate that dress is a fundamentalaspect o f micro social order (Entwistle 2001 Symmetry, too, became a consideration, as seen by the growth of dentalaesthetics during this period. Even, symmetrical teeth became thestandard form, and to display a perfect smile was a strong socialasset. ââ¬Å"No greater marker for happiness can be found in Western culturethan the smile (Gilman 1999, 153). With the passage of time, the demands placed on aesthetic surgery grewand became more complex: it was no longer enough just to ââ¬Å"pass.â⬠Whatmattered now was to ââ¬Å"passâ⬠into that particular group of society thatwas tacitly understand to be erotically desirable. It seems that aboutthis time there was much conjecture about the shape and size of thefemale body. Take, for example, the buttocks: The buttocks have ever-changing symbolic value. They are associatedwith the organs of reproduction, with the aperture of excretion, aswell as with the mechanism of locomotion through discussions of gait.They never represent themselves (Gilman 1999, 215). Various ââ¬Å"ethnographic studiesâ⬠were undertaken of the femalebodyââ¬âprimarily by men, of course. One of these ethnographers wasHermann Heinrich Ploss, whose extensive writing on the female anatomygets quite detailed. He and others wrote pages and pages about thesubtleties of breast shape and size, categorizing them according torace, ethnicity, and of course, the prevailing erotic standards of thetime. One authority on the subject described the breasts of ââ¬Å"whiteâ⬠andââ¬Å"yellowâ⬠races as virginally compact, while those of the ââ¬Å"blackâ⬠racewere thought to resemble a ââ¬Å"goatââ¬â¢s udderâ⬠(Gilman 1999). Even themeasurements of the areola are described as having been determined byrace. It is no surprise, then, to learn that about this time the breastbecame the frequent object of the surgeonââ¬â¢s scalpel. Augmentation cameinto vogue. There seems to have been little argument about theimport ance or valueââ¬âor even the safetyââ¬âof surgically increasing femalebreast size. Rather, the issue became a controversy of what materialsshould be used to achieve this (Gilman 1999, 248). Men, though with less frequency, also seek out aesthetic surgery, andthis is on the increase. ââ¬Å"Judging by the increasing rates at which theyare having aesthetic procedures, men, too, are susceptible to the fearthat without the help of aesthetic surgery they will be condemned tolive in the wrong body (Gilman 1999, 257). The length to which individuals will go in the pursuit of perfection isperhaps best exemplified by popular television shows such as ââ¬Å"ExtremeMakeover,â⬠ââ¬Å"The Swan,â⬠I Want a Famous Face,â⬠and ââ¬Å"Nip/Tuck.â⬠ââ¬Å"ExtremeMakeover,â⬠ââ¬Å"The Swan,â⬠and ââ¬Å"I Want a Famous Faceâ⬠all fall under thecategory of ââ¬Å"realityâ⬠ââ¬âunscripted, true-to-life television. Each ofthese shows is aimed at c hanging the lives of individuals by changingtheir physical appearance. ââ¬Å"Extreme Makeoverâ⬠follows the progression of individuals who areselected to be completely made over, including plastic surgery. Thisincludes, but is not limited to: rhinoplasty (nose reconstruction);breast augmentation or reduction; liposuction; lasik surgery (whichsurgically corrects vision and eliminates the need for glasses and/orcontact lenses); cosmetic dentistry (including teeth whitening,straightening, and implant technology); diet; wardrobe; and of course,makeup. The show starts off by asking contestantsââ¬âmale and femaleââ¬âto state thethings they most dislike about their bodies. After this they arewhisked off to have these blemishes removed or improved, hidden orenhanced. Unspoken, but understood, is this: that this new outward self willimprove their lives. No one doubts this. No one even questions itââ¬âthisis how deeply etched it is on the American psyche. Indeed, it is thesame in much of western civilization: we are never good enough; thereis always room for improvement; a nip here, a tuck there, and voila:perfection, happiness, success! The effect this message is having onyounger generations, who make up the majority of this showââ¬â¢s audience,is truly frightening. MTVââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"I Want a Famous Faceâ⬠is an even more disturbing variation onthis theme. In this show, contestants will do just about anything tophysically resemble their favorite celebrities. It is a sad and emptypremise for a showââ¬âeven sadder when one considers the young andimpressionable individuals who are most likely to be watching. Whatkind of messages can they be getting from a television show thatencourages people to physically reconstruct themselves in the image ofpop icons? Things get even more bizarre with ââ¬Å"The Swan.â⬠This show seems to be themost vicious variation on an already-sad theme: the contestants areindividuals who have bee n altered in every way possible. Thebefore-and-after version of the individual contestant means nothinghere: itââ¬â¢s not about anyoneââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"personal best,â⬠but rather about thefinal product. Message: you are only as good as your plastic surgeon.Or: your plastic surgeon is only as good as the material s/he had towork withââ¬ânamely: you. Again, all of this is subject to the constantlyvacillating norms of society. It is significant to point out that these ââ¬Å"reality showsâ⬠are not basedin reality at all. There is nothing realistic about an individual beingdrastically altered through artificial techniques, then miraculouslyand seamlessly re-integrated into mainstream life. This so-called ââ¬Å"realityâ⬠costs hundreds of thousands of dollars,although the ââ¬Å"luckyâ⬠contestant doesnââ¬â¢t have to foot the bill.Furthermore, this transformation process trumps all else: whatever lifethe ââ¬Å"luckyâ⬠contestant has led up to t his point is now forever altered,for better or for worse. Of course, those of us watching the show will be convincedââ¬âas long aswe want to be convincedââ¬âthat all this change is for the better. We haveno concern about costs. We will gloss over health risks. We willbelieve, if we want to believe, that this fresh new person, who is nownot only blemish-free, but beautiful, is living a life of perfection. Which makes us ready for ââ¬Å"Nip/Tuck,â⬠which is not a reality show, but is perhaps more lifelike than many reality shows. ââ¬Å"Nip/Tuckâ⬠is set, rather fittingly, in Miami, Florida, a popularvacation site with a somewhat plastic reputation. The series followsthe weekly exploits of two plastic surgeons as they minister to theneeds of patients in their search for physical perfection and thepresumed happiness this will bring. A typical episode of the show opens with an innocent-sounding request:ââ¬Å"tell me what you donââ¬â¢t like about yourse lfâ⬠ââ¬âthis fits quite nicelyinto Gilmanââ¬â¢s assertion that aesthetic surgery is the newpsychotherapy. ââ¬Å"What donââ¬â¢t you like about yourself?â⬠The repetition of this openingreinforces to the audience the fact that there is something ââ¬Å"wrongâ⬠with all of us; that this ââ¬Å"wrongâ⬠thing can be surgically removed,improved, enlarged, or reshapedââ¬âthrough surgical procedures. The show features two main characters, Doctors Sean McNamara (DylanWalsh) and Christian Troy (Julian McMahon), who function as a sort ofgood doctor/bad doctor team, not unlike the good cop/bad cop pairingsso familiar to us from crime shows. In an arguably lame attempt to castplastic surgery in a positive light, one of the doctors expresses aninterest in doing pro bono work for victims of crime, in this case thevictims of a serial rapist who is known by the suggestive andhorrifying moniker, ââ¬Å"The Carver.â⬠That rape and mutilation are indeed v iolent, heinous crimes, no onewill dispute. However, the suggestion that aesthetic surgeryââ¬âeven as itmasquerades under the lofty aegis of pro bono workââ¬âwill erase thedamage done by such an act is completely misleading. To anyone who hasever been the victim of rape and/or disfigurement, it is callous andinsensitive. It is clearly evident that these programs do educate watchers aboutsome aspects of cosmetic surgery. Though often under-played, the veryreal aspect of surgical risk is always present. At the other end of thespectrum are the horror stories of those who skipped a step or two, orwho skimped on the cost and opted for a plastic surgeon who was notââ¬Å"board-certified,â⬠only to have their dreams of a perfection dashed,but to have their natural looks, however imperfect, only worsened. Again, what is left unsaid: board-certified surgeons are only justthat: board-certified. In this gamble with beauty, there are noguarantees. Some plastic surgeons bem oan the fact that shows like ââ¬Å"Nip/Tuckâ⬠denigrate their professional status, portraying them as nothing morethan ââ¬Å"glorified beauticiansâ⬠; however, most seem unperturbed by thecomparisonââ¬âand why should they, when their services are moresought-after than ever? Most practitioners agree, though, that the complex, multi-dimensionalapproach that any truly good surgical procedure must encompass, iseither lacking or glaringly glossed over in the TV versions. Oftenthere is a team of professionalsââ¬âsurgeons, anesthesiologists, recoveryspecialistsââ¬âinvolved every step of the way. In addition, there areconcerned and often confused family members waiting in the wings,worrying about their loved ones, wondering what all this change willmean in their relationships. This does not often make for pleasantviewingââ¬âand certainly will not appease an audience that is geared upfor a quick-fix, fantasy tale. So-called ââ¬Å"reality-showsâ⬠often en d up giving wrong impressions: changedoes not happen overnight; in addition, change is not always what onemight expect, and even if it is, that does not necessarily guaranteehappiness. One certain result of ââ¬Å"Nip/Tuckâ⬠is thatââ¬âfor better or for worseââ¬âit hashelped to lessen the stigma of plastic surgery. The profession itselfhas been given a ââ¬Å"nip/tuckâ⬠ââ¬âthough whether this is a blessing or acurse remains to be seen. Dr. Robert Norman begins his essay on ââ¬Å"Nip/Tuckâ⬠by summarizingNathaniel Hawthorneââ¬â¢s story ââ¬Å"The Birthmark.â⬠The story is about aphysician with a perfectionist personality who decides to operate onhis beautiful wife to remove her one imperfection: a birthmark. Shegoes along, ostensibly to please himââ¬âshe herself doesnââ¬â¢t seem botheredby this single blemish, which is a small, faint facial scarââ¬âbut she isbothered by the fact that it bothers him. During the course of the oper ation, she dies. This, concludes Norman,is a clear message that ââ¬Å"nature, in all its randomness, can only bechanged or altered at a price.â⬠If there is one point that has been made abundantly clear during thecourse of research for this paper, it is this: in the arena of bodymodification, there has been exponential change. Huge leaps have beenmade in the last century, and in the last few decades, those leaps haveundergone phenomenal expansion. This in itself is significant. As we have seen, society has progressed since early days. Bodymodification is at one end of the continuum. It is ubiquitous. It isexciting and also frightening. Discussions of surgical bodymodification in this paper have focused primarily on elective surgeryundertaken for purely cosmetic purposes, so that it may be explored andassessed as part of the larger societal trend towards achievement ofphysical perfection at any cost. One need only turn on the television or leaf through a magazine to be bombarded with all kinds of advertisements for body modification.Chemical treatments can straighten hair and change skin tone andtexture. Surgical procedures can decrease or (more often) augmentbreast size. Penile implants claim to enhance sexual performance.Unwanted fat can be removed in any number ways, ranging from dietarychanges to liposuction. Some signs of ageing can be temporarilyreversed with injections of Botox; others can be permanently altered,again through surgery. Today in the western world, body modification is widely practiced inall classes of society. Often it is the result of societal pressure toachieve perfection. At times it is a ritual or rite of initiationwithin a group or social hierarchy. Less often, although this issteadily increasing, the body is modified to change its gender; this isdone through surgical procedures supplemented by hormonal and similarsupplementary treatments. Women are considered the most frequent targets of this pressure toachieve so matic perfection, and therefore they are the most frequentpractitioners of body modification. However, this pressure affects menas well. This paper will examine four specific types of bodymodification: tattooing and scarification; piercing; diet and exercise;and aesthetic surgery. Although these are by no means the only methods of body modification,they are among the most widespread and they cover a wide spectrum.Still, whether it takes the form of a minor dietary modification or anextreme makeover, it is clear that most individuals in the westernworld practice some sort of body modification. For this reason, it is apractice which merits close study and consideration. How far will someindividuals go in this pursuit for perfection? How much of this willsociety sanction? What are the implications for our future and that offuture generations? These are the questions to be explored throughoutthe course of this research. This paper has focused on four specific areas of body modific ation:tattoos and scarification; piercing; diet and exercise; and finally,surgical enhancement. Initially the spectrum I had hoped to cover wasmuch wider, and would have included sex-change procedures. However,gender mutation is no longer a minor subset of body modification; it israpidly becoming a discipline of its own, and it needs to be addressedas such. As shown earlier, body modification has existed in various forms forthousands of yearsââ¬âsome argue that ââ¬Å"decoratingâ⬠or enhancing the bodyis a normal and natural act; others assert that this ââ¬Å"normalâ⬠andââ¬Å"naturalâ⬠act has grown to unreasonable and unacceptable levels. Society has made rapid progress since the early days, when crudehematite extractions and animal fragments served as makeup and jewelry.Television commercials and magazine advertisements continually bombardus with suggestions for body modification on a number of levels.Chemical treatments can straighten hair and change s kin tone andtexture. Surgical procedures can decrease or (more often) augmentbreast size. Penile implants claim to enhance sexual performance;unwanted fat can be removed in any number ways, ranging from dietarychanges to liposuction. Some signs of ageing can be temporarilyreversed with injections of poison [Botox]; others can be permanentlyaltered, again through surgery. Today in the U.S. and other western nations, body modification iswidely practiced in all classes of society. Often body modification isthe result of societal pressure for perfection. It can be seen,however, that the precise social significance of the body hasdefinitely begun to shift. Shilling notes that in the past, the bodywas defined by national government, but that recently womenââ¬âandmenââ¬âhave begun to ââ¬Å"reclaimâ⬠their bodies, and to assess theirself-identities in new and different ways (Shilling 1993, 30). Alongwith this, however, there is the development of a new technology, onewhich offers a range of surgical enhancements that have until now beenthe stuff of science fiction. Thus arises the paradox: we can remoldand redesign our bodies, can surgically manipulate them into anythingwe want them to beââ¬âhowever, we are not quite sure what it is we wantthem to be. In addition to the confusion of our own self-identity issues, there aresocial and demographic changes in western society which cannot beignored. The elderly population is now larger than ever before: thereare more of us, and we are living longer. The needs of the elderly willno doubt impact societal attitudes and affect the way we look atourselves as humans and as individuals. Methods of categorization have been shifting as we seek to redefine sexand gender, nature and culture, biology and society. Boundaries havebegun to blend and merge, and resulting confusion is even moreproblematic. Change is both constant and rapid, welcomed and feared.The need to exert control over our bodies seems strong er than ever, yetit is accompanied by a crisis in their meaning. Additional considerations are advances in such areas as transplantsurgery. These exacerbate our uncertainty about the body by threateningcollapse the boundaries upon which we have come to rely. The line whichseparates body from technology has begun to shift, leading to issues oflegal and political importance. ââ¬Å"The idea that the body is the locationof anti-social desire is thus not a physiological fact but a culturalconstruct which has significant political implicationsâ⬠(Turner 1996,65). It has also been suggested that this excessive dependence on reality,coupled with the obsessive need to control our bodies, is one way inwhich we respond to a chaotic world. Huge global issues menace ourfutures, and we react to this by looking inward, but in the mostsuperficial of ways. The concept of chaos is another recurrent theme in recent discourse onbody modification. We have seen that fashion is one way in w hichindividuals attempt to assert control over the ever-increasing chaos oftodayââ¬â¢s world. As Entwistle posits, ââ¬Å"if nakedness is unruly anddisruptive, this would seem to indicate that dress is a fundamentalaspect of micro social order (Entwistle 2001, 35). This has been echoed by Armando Favazza: ââ¬Å"Chaos is the greatest threatto the stability of the universe,â⬠he asserts (1996, 231). He goes onto explain how we need social stability to co-exist, that it gives usthe framework for appropriate sexual behavior, the ability to recognizeand negotiate among various social hierarchies, and the tools necessaryto successfully make the transition from childhood into matureadulthood. ââ¬Å"The alteration or destruction of body tissueâ⬠assertsFavazza, ââ¬Å"helps to establish control of things and to preserve thesocial orderâ⬠(1996, 231). This may seem overly dramatic to some, butdrastic times call for drastic measures. Perhaps the most dramatic conside ration here is that in light of thethreat of huge global dangers, our refusal to acknowledge and addressthem is a fundamental failing that may have disastrous and irreparableconsequences: ââ¬Å"at a time when our health is threatened increasingly byglobal dangers, we are exhorted ever more to take individualresponsibility for our bodies by engaging in strict self-care regimes(Shilling 1993, 5). As he and other researchers point out, our inability to control outerchaos seems to have resulted in our focusing on our bodies as disparateparts of our selves and of our universe: this is one small way we canassert control, or at least feel as though we are. In Section VII, number 87, the last aphorism of Hippocrates, hewrites, ââ¬Å"Those diseases which medicines do not cure, iron cures; thosewhich iron cannot cure, fire cures; and those which fire cannot cure,are to be reckoned wholly incurable.â⬠We must tread carefully in thisdangerous new world of technology. According t o Sander Gilman To become someone else or to become a better version of ourselves inthe eyes of the world is something we all want. Whether we do it withornaments such as jewelry or through the wide range of physicalalterations from hair dressing to tattoos to body piercing, we respondto the demand of seeing and being seenin a world in which we arejudged by how we appear, the belief that we can change our appearanceis liberatingâ⬠(Gilman 1999, 3). The price we pay for that liberation remains to be seen. paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-1472270417473203922020-05-17T11:00:00.001-07:002020-05-17T11:00:07.680-07:00Compare and ContrastMartin Luther King Jr. Essay - 735 Words Compare and Contrast: To my understanding the letter that Martin Luther King Jr. composed while confined in the Birmingham Jail, is as one with the appeal that was given by David Walker. Both the letter and the appeal were pleas, pleas to the African American race. Not only to African Americans, but to my surprise and yours it was also written to all races suffering from the same injustice. These pleas were strong and very urgent. Our fears then and are still now today have kept our souls and minds in bondage to the immoral likings of others. David Walker so vividly quoted in a statement written before the preamble of his appeal. It is stated as such: I ask every man who has a heart, and is blessed with the privilege of believing-isâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦What King is trying to get across is that our fear of getting what is rightfully ours is holding us back. Letting cruelty and hate see fear in us will give them more power to do wrong. The two statements are alike in many ways I. Hatred is the largest growing power in African American lives then and today. II. Although these two letters were written 100 years apart and slavery ended 100ââ¬â¢s of years ago we still lived in bondage even after the death of David Walker, Abraham Lincoln, and all the others that believed in our rights. III. Even though Jesus was beaten and hung on the cross he still believed that justice should be served for the lives to come. Even though these two men lived 100 years apart their lives were the same. Neither David Walker nor Martin Luther King Jr. were born into slavery they both suffered the same cruelty. David Walker may have traveled around the world and Martin Luther King may have only seen a few states it doesnââ¬â¢t take much to suffer hatred. It doesnââ¬â¢t take seeing many different places or faces hate can be just as strong even if coming only from a letter, or a sign, or just seeing your mother cry. Thatââ¬â¢s why these letters were written David Walkerââ¬â¢s appeal wasnââ¬â¢t from a court case Martin Luther Kings letter may have come from a jail cell their pleas were the same. Both Walker and Kings letters mean the same thing donââ¬â¢t let ignorance or hate keep you from getting what is right, your God given rights. ItShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast the Work of Martin Luther King Jr Malcolm X923 Words à |à 4 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X were very significant during the Civil Rights Movement. Both were excellent speakers and shared one goal but had two different ways of resolving it. Martin Luther King Jr. chose to resolve the issues by using non-violence to create equality amongst all races to accomplish the goal. Malcolm X also wanted to decrease discrimination and get of segregation but by using another tactic to successfully accomplish the similar goal. The backgrounds of both men wereRead MoreComparing Martin Luther King And Malcolm X917 Words à |à 4 PagesBrian Graichen - HST 325 - 06/17/2017 Q3: Compare and contrast Martin Luther King and Malcolm X. Martin Luther King and Malcolm X were both civil rights leaders during the 1960s, but had different ideologies on how civil rights should be won. Both men were also deeply religious, but followed different religions and paths. The Great Depression never ended for African Americans; while others enjoyed an economic recovery, Black unemployment rose. Martin Luther King says that economic inequality in AmericaRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X1491 Words à |à 6 Pagesinfluence of this period. Two strong leaders from this era were Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Martin Luther King Jr. made a bigger impact on the population than Malcolm X because of his speeches, beliefs, direct and peaceful activities, and the effect his death had on the population. Martin Luther King Jr.ââ¬â¢s belief was that people of all colors, including both blacks and whites, could live in eternal peace and equality. King believed that ââ¬Å"an unjust law is no law at allâ⬠(Dinar, par.12)Read MoreUse And Manipulation Of The English Language1394 Words à |à 6 Pagesproper English to stir the minds of millions. In contrast, these leaders go beyond the use of language formality, manipulating the way of writing to develop an authoritative alliance with their audience. ââ¬Å"If freedom of speech is taken away, then dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to the slaughterâ⬠(qtd. in Lindenbaum). This famous quote is an excellent interpretation of one of the most pivotal acts of a distinguished leader, Martin Luther King Jr. On August 28, 1963, MLK presented one of theRead MoreThe I have a Dream Speech by Martin Lther King Jr.860 Words à |à 3 PagesFREEDOM, LEADER, KING How would it feel if you were always picked last or made fun of for how you look? In the speech, ââ¬Å"I Have a Dreamâ⬠by Martin Luther King Jr., he stands up for all the black kids or darker skin kids who are not treated equally by society. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered this speech on August 28, 1963 in Washington DC. The purpose of this speech is to influence awareness of how non-whites are treated. Most whites didnââ¬â¢t care what happened, but when King read his speech he usedRead MoreNonviolent Pathos In Ceesar ChavezsHe Showed Us The Way775 Words à |à 4 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. died fighting peacefully against injustice and for equal rights. Similarly, nonviolent protests must continue to be used today because violence only leads to more violence. For the tenth anniversary of Martin Luther King Jr.ââ¬â¢s assassination, Cesar Chavez illustrated the importances of nonviolence in his article, ââ¬Å"He Showed Us the Wayâ⬠. In the passage, Chavez express es strong pathos, powerful diction, and complex syntax in order to encourage nonviolence. By using strong pathosRead MoreCompare And Contrast The Gettysburg Address And I Have A Dream Speech1065 Words à |à 5 PagesHave a Dream speech by. The Gettysburg address was a major turning point in American history for the topic of slavery. Martin Luther King Jrs I Have a Dream speech assisted in this Civil Rights movement. But, the question is, what all did they cause in our history? The reader is going to compare and contrast information from the two texts so the reader can compare and contrast these two honored speeches. So, by the end, the reader should be able to understand the similarities and differences ofRead MoreAnalysis of I Have a Dream Speech1857 Words à |à 8 Pagesââ¬Å"I Have A Dreamâ⬠Martin Luther King Jr. On August 28, 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. gave a speech that electrified a nation. In Washington D.C, King delivered his speech on the steps of the Lincoln memorial and as his powerful voice echoed out across an audience of 200,000 people, echoes of the Gettysburg address could be heard as well as the Declaration of Independence and the Bible. It has been called ââ¬Å"masterfully delivered and improvised sermon, bursting with biblical language and imagery.â⬠TheRead MorePlato s Letter From Birmingham Jail1521 Words à |à 7 Pagesis being wrong and unjust. Platoââ¬â¢s dialogue in the Crito shows Socratesââ¬â¢ views on his obligations to the government and in Martin Luther Kingââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,â⬠we see a different set of obligations depicted by King. Socrates strongly believed that his life was to be dedicated to the government under no other circumstances but on the other hand, Martin Luther King respected his obligations as a citizen but did not hesitate to react when the system was unfair and corrupt. In order toRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr.1096 Words à |à 5 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Huey P. Newton stood up and fought for justice, equality and freedom for our people in this country. Huey Percy Newton was born February 17, 1942 and died August 22, 1989. He was an African-American political and urban activist who, along with Bobby Seale, co-founded the Black Panther Party for Self Defense. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born January 15, 1929 and died April 4, 1968. He was an African-American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-69706981549375075142020-05-06T19:13:00.001-07:002020-05-06T19:13:15.357-07:00Argumentatice Essay Gender Roles - 1268 Words ââ¬ËBoys will be boysââ¬â¢, a phrase coined to exonerate the entire male sex of loathsome acts past, present, and potential. But what about the female sex, if females act out of turn they are deemed ââ¬Ëunladylikeââ¬â¢ or something of the sort and scolded. This double standard for men and women dates back as far as the first civilizations and exists only because it is allowed to, because it is taught. Gender roles and cues are instilled in children far prior to any knowledge of the anatomy of the sexes. This knowledge is learned socially, culturally, it is not innate. And these characteristics can vary when the environment one is raised in differs from the norm. Child rearing and cultural factors play a large role in how individuals act and seeâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦(1) These expectations are passed on by parents and parentsââ¬â¢ parents in a viscous cycle. When a personââ¬â¢s parent fits the vision of perfect masculinity or femininity the children are quite likely to mimic their acts. Proof of the cultural impact on gender; some backgrounds have more than the two genders typically associated with western societies. They are born either male or female but how they choose to identify themselves is their gender. In Samoa, the Faââ¬â¢afafine are born males who choose to be raised as girls and are encouraged by their families and communities to act as such (Schmidt 1). Many occidental cultures, especially America, do not see it as such, this would classify as transvestism. Carmen Và ¡zquezââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Appearancesâ⬠discusses, in depth, the effects of gender deviation in America, ââ¬Å"At the simplest level, looking or behaving like a stereotypical gay man or lesbian is reason enough to provoke a homophobic assaultâ⬠¦I call it gen der betrayalâ⬠¦[one man] said, ââ¬ËWe hate homosexuals. They degrade our manhoodââ¬â¢ (Và ¡zquez 474). American culture is so opposed to divergence from what is standard; men and women who even show an inkling of being akin to the opposite sex are automatically homosexuals because they cannot possibly be otherwise. It also leads to child rearing in a way that attempts to prevent these results at all costs. Parents typically teach their children how to dress themselves, how to properly eat food, and paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-40152353465525315782020-05-06T00:52:00.001-07:002020-05-06T00:52:07.824-07:00Geology of Manitou free essay sample This paper discusses the geological and historical aspects of Manitou Springs, Colorado. This paper takes an in-depth look at one of Colorados most interesting cities, Manitou Springs. The author discusses the history of the city, early explorers and denizens, and the ancient rock formations which makes Manitou Springs a tremendous tourist attraction. The paper looks at such Manitou sights as Pike Peaks, Garden of the Gods, and the Dawson formation. From the Paper: Besides being home to a number of top-notch, countrywide renowned historic restaurants, as well as many desired locality eateries, Manitou Springs has a broad range of first class lodgings: an historic hotel, many exclusive Victorian bed breakfasts, traditional motels, warm boutique motels quality motor inns, cabins by Fountain Creek, and secluded wooded campgrounds. What makes Manitou Springs the most absolute Colorado experience is the lure of the surrounding of the city. You can reach to the top of the Pike Peaks through the Manitou and Pikes railway station which has the elevation of 14,110. We will write a custom essay sample on Geology of Manitou or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Cave of the winds, will lead to the vivid pits of Colorado but very soon you will be back in time by the majestic view of Miromont Castle and the Cliff Dwellings Museum. paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-77842850543021894412020-04-20T22:07:00.001-07:002020-04-20T22:07:01.906-07:00Positive Leadership free essay sample Positive leadership refers to the application of positive principles and positive change. It helps leaders to become more effective in their jobs. Applying principles of positive leadership leads to extraordinary performance. Positive leadership has three connotations: 1)It refers to the facilitation of extraordinarily positive performance ââ¬â that is, positively deviant performance. Outcomes that exceed common or expected performance. 2)Affirmative bias ââ¬â or a focus on strengths and capabilities and on affirming human potential. It emphasizes positive communication, optimism, and strengths as well as the value and opportunity embedded in problems and weaknesses. 3)Facilitating the best on the human condition, or on fostering virtuousness. An easy way to identify positive leadership is to notice positive deviance. Many positive outcomes are stimulated by trials and difficulties; for example, demonstrated courage, resilience, forgiveness and compassion are relevant only in the context of negative occurrences. ââ¬Å"Bad is stronger than goodâ⬠. Human being react more strongly to negative phenomena than to positive phenomena. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Leadership or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Both conducive and challenging conditions may lead to positive deviance. The few organizations that perform in extraordinary ways, which are the exception, not the rule, are positively deviant. In this case, positive deviance implies more than earning more revenue than the industry average. It involves thriving, flourishing, even virtuous performance, or achieving the best of the human condition. There are 4 strategies to achieve a positive deviance. they are among the most important enablers of positively deviant performance) 1)Positive climate (foster: compassion, forgiveness and gratitude) paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-73891175094785473442020-03-15T21:51:00.001-07:002020-03-15T21:51:03.492-07:00The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison Essay ExampleThe Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison Essay Example The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison Paper The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison Paper Jeffrey Reiman, author of The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison, first published his book in 1979; it is now in its sixth edition, and he has continued to revise it as he keeps up on criminal justice statistics and other trends in the system. Reiman originally wrote his book after teaching for seven years at the School of Justice (formerly the Center for the Administration of Justice), which is a multidisciplinary, criminal justice education program at American University in Washington, D. C. He drew heavily from what he had learned from his colleagues at that university. Reiman is the William Fraser McDowell Professor of Philosophy at American University, where he has taught since 1970. He has written numerous books on political philosophy, criminology, and sociology. Reiman states his thesis in the Introduction. He claims that the goal of the American criminal justice system is not to eliminate crime- or even to achieve justice- but to project to the people an image of the idea that the threat of crime eminates from the poor. The system must maintain a large population of poor criminals, and to this end, it must not reduce or eliminate the crimes that poor people commit. When crime declines, it is not because of our criminal justice policies, but in spite of them. In testing this idea, Reiman had his students construct a correctional system that would maintain a stable and visible group of criminals, rather than eliminating or reducing crime, and they suggested the following: enact laws against drug abuse, prostitution, and gambling; ive police, prosecutors, and judges broad discretion in deciding who gets arrested, charged, and sentenced to prison; make the prison experience demeaning; do not train prisoners for jobs after release; deprive offenders of certain rights for the rest of their lives. The system that emerges is what we have today. In the chapter, Crime Control in America, Reiman suggests that the system has been designed to fail. Imprisoning drug offenders, for instance, does nothing to reduce the number of drug offenders in society because they are immediately replaced. The decline in violent crime is more attributable to demographic changes than to enforcement efforts. Most of the decline in crime results from forces beyond the control of the criminal justice systems. Reiman also feels that we could reduce crime if we wanted to do so, and that our excuses are not really answers to the problem, but merely excuses to explain why the system fails. We know the causes of crime- poverty, prison, and drugs- yet we do nothing to change how these things operate, such as banning guns and decriminalizing drugs. In the chapter, A Crime by Any Other Name . . . Reiman considers how language is used to identify some actions, and he argues that such things as workplace-related deaths that could be prevented should be considered crimes, as well. As far as the criminal justice system is concerned, the face of crime is young, male, poor, and black. Reiman believes that the criminal justice system helps create this reality, projecting a particular image of crime and hiding the larger reality of social injustice and even white-collar crime. They identify crime as a direct, personal assault and ignore many other damages caused by carelessness and greed of a different order. Reiman details threats from the workplace, the health care system, the use of chemicals by various companies, and poverty itself, none of which are considered crimes. Reiman feels that the criminal justice system distorts the image of what truly threatens society. In the chapter, . . . And the Poor Get Prison, Reiman points out what many have noted- that the offender in prison is most likely someone from one of the lowest social and economic groups in the nation. The poor are more likely to be arrested for a particular crime, while wealthier people are merely warned. Reiman uses evidence of the differential treatment of blacks for several reasons: 1) blacks are disproportionately poor; 2) the factors that are most likely to keep an offender out of prison do not apply to poor blacks; 3) blacks and whites in prison come from the same general socio-economic status; 4) race adds to the effects of economic condition; and 5) the economic powers in America could end or reduce racist bias in the criminal justice system if they wanted to do so. Reiman believes they see it as to their economic advantage not to curb crime. He inds that police, prosecutors, and judges all make certain that the poor are more likely to go to prison than the well-to-do. This should not be the case, given that white-collar crime is costly, widespread, and rarely punished. Even when arrested and convicted, white-collar criminals do not do the same amount of time as the poor, and do not go to the same prisons. In his chapter, To the Vanquished Belong the Spoils, Reiman considers w hy the criminal justice system is failing and finds that it is not an accident, but rather an intentional action by the rich and powerful to keep the system operating as it is. He does not say this is a conspiracy and offers reasons why a conspiracy theory does not explain what has happened. The poor are more likely to be victims, as well, and they lack the money or power to change the system in any way. On the other hand, those who are in a position to change the system are not in enough jeopardy to initiate change. The criminal justice system is extremely visible in American society and popular culture, and there is an ideology of criminal justice that is implicit, concentrating on individual wrong-doers and directing our attention away from social institutions and their actions. This distorts the nature and reality of the problem facing society. Because there is an association between crime and poverty in the popular mind, there is also a bias against the poor. In the concluding chapter, Reiman considers what he calls the Crime of Justice, or the crime society is perpetrating against the poor and powerless by allowing the system to continue as structured, and, in effect, create crime rather than reducing it. The goals of protecting society and promoting justice are both ill-served under the current system. Taken as a whole, Reimans book puts forth a solid argument that the system does not serve the public as presently constituted, and the proof is not merely in growing or diminishing crime rates, but in incorporating a broader concept of social justice into the system itself. Certain specific actions might be taken, such as decriminalizing drugs or reducing the number of guns in circulation, but clearly each of these ideas has massive opposition waiting to stop any such effort. Reimans concept of social justice is more n keeping with sociological theories that find systemic reasons for crime, which is quite different from the prevailing individual actor theories that are so embedded in the system. Reiman is less convincing in the way he describes the system as intentionally bias, for he makes it sound as if it were an organized conspiracy. That is simply not the case. The book is provocative and has many good ideas, including a thorough analysis of the current criminal justice system a nd how that system may b changed to better represent, serve, and protect ALL Americans. paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-74494762069447925792020-02-28T12:17:00.001-08:002020-02-28T12:17:02.476-08:00How does the devil solve life's most serious problems EssayHow does the devil solve life's most serious problems - Essay Example He deals with serious matters by destroying the good things in life such as happiness, love, and joy replacing them with emptiness. Sins and evil consist of a certain level of selfishness that, at most times, consists of things that people do for personal gratification and pleasure (Gellner 21). The devil deals with serious things by allowing people to do their will for personal satisfaction. Goodness has delayed gratification compared to evil. If an individual takes care of his family, helps the needy, and shares what he has with others, then he will be rewarded in heaven. For Muslims, such a woman would come back as a prettier version of herself to serve her husband better while a man would receive 12 virgins to be his wives as soon as he got to heaven. Evil has instant gratification. For example, if a man wants justice for his brotherââ¬â¢s killer, then it is likely that he would prefer to kill the individual in vengeance as opposed to waiting for a court trial or for him to wait for God to judge him. An evil person or the evil in any person delights in doing as it pleases. The devil does not require a man to practice good traits like patience, gentleness, kindness, or sharing. If a poor man begs a person for money, that person will probably prefer to keep the money and spend it on himself, instead of helping a needy person. Similarly, in the case of rape, the rapist enjoys personal gratification while the victim suffers an immense amount of pain and emotional torture. According to many cultures and religions, the devil thrives in darkness, suffering, and chaos (Gellner 13). Subsequently, he deals with things by ridding the world of light, joy, and happiness. For instance, when a marriage results in divorce, the children suffer and some are hurt emotionally and mentally for life. He constantly causes misfortune to people attempting to pursue love, peace, and happiness. He does not want people to enjoy life paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-28799744576582944232020-02-12T05:04:00.001-08:002020-02-12T05:04:02.637-08:00The Community and Fire Threat Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsThe Community and Fire Threat - Assignment Example The results of the article have been achieved through data gathering from pre-existing sources such as the Web-based Inquiry Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). In the model used for the analysis of the data negative binomial rate regression had been used. To be able to observe the interactions of the different parameters that are measured, control of the socioeconomic factors had been undertaken (Diekman, Ballestero, Berger, Caraballo and Kegler, 2008, p. 1-4). As a result, there is a positive interaction observed. Smoking which is one of the common causes in residential fire, thus, the parameter under study can be closely related to the fire prevention efforts in the community. Although this is the case, it is important to consider that the issue under study is only one of the causes of fire occurrence. The ecological study is undertaken due to the fact that there is a complex interaction of multiple factors specifically involving man and the environment. The impact of smoking is studied to specifically target the residential area. Smoking is one of the primary causes of fire while residential areas are in need of strict study and implementation of the concepts for fire prevention (Diekman, Ballestero, Berger, Caraballo and Kegler, 2008, p. 1-4). Due to the recognized importance of the different parameters studies, the established objective in the article under study is the measurement of the relationship of the state-level residential fire morality and the percentage of adults who smoke. The study presented a relationship between smoking and residential fire mortality while controlling certain parameters, thus, one of the most important contribution of the study then is to focus on the actions to lessen smoking to be able to achieve the prevention of fire occurrences. Another contribution is the presentation of an individual-level perspective to the problems related to residential fire in addition paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-90447045062669315352020-01-31T16:52:00.001-08:002020-01-31T16:52:02.850-08:00Assignment 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 95 - Assignment Example The term ââ¬Ëloveââ¬â¢ originated from English language in the 8th century and evolved to become what we know it today. From the old English, the word ââ¬Ëlufuââ¬â¢ is related to ââ¬Ëluveââ¬â¢ in Old Frisian, ââ¬Ëlubaââ¬â¢ in old Germany and ââ¬Ëluboââ¬â¢ in Gothic. In early systems of Scandinavian languages, there was ââ¬Ëlofââ¬â¢, an equivalent of todayââ¬â¢s ââ¬Ëloveââ¬â¢. Its present meanings were also contributed by the Indo-European ââ¬Ëlubidoââ¬â¢ connoting desire and ââ¬Ëlubetââ¬â¢ which meant that something was attractive. As the word was changing from culture to culture, it acquired a different meaning considering the varying purposes for which people wanted to use it and the kind of emotions they wanted to express and as it came to Greek, the word ââ¬Ëloveââ¬â¢ acquired its meaning, as I define it and from the OED definition, from the Greek mythology in ancient Greek where words like ââ¬Ëxeniaââ¬â¢, â⬠Å"philia,â⬠ââ¬Å"storge,â⬠ââ¬Å"eros,â⬠and ââ¬Å"agape.â⬠Apparently, it is intoxicatingly fascinating to note that the meaning of words evolves from time to time and culture to culture as necessitated by cultures and customs. My definition of love as an intangible emotion that one experiences when they meet something or someone that makes them happy has been shaped by my American culture. Similarly, the word ââ¬Ëloveââ¬â¢ acquired various terms such as ââ¬Ëlubidoââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëlofââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëlubaââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëlubetââ¬â¢ in various languages as necessitated by what the people wanted to express and such meanings having been changing from time to time to a now relatively standard meaning of ââ¬Ëloveââ¬â¢. Hence, the meaning of words is shaped by time, cultures and customs coupled with the message that they are envisioned to paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-78402203511012976422020-01-23T13:16:00.001-08:002020-01-23T13:16:02.088-08:00Civil War Essay -- American History Civil WarThe election of Lincoln, secession of the southern states and the Confederate States of America Constitution set the stage for the bloodiest and saddest war in American history. Before the Civil War even began the nation was divided into four very distinct regions; Northeast, Northwest, Upper south and the Southwest. With two fundamentally different labor systems, slavery in the south and wage labor in the North, the political, economic and social changes across the nation would show the views of the North and the South. The civil war was based on the abolitionists' ideas of emancipation and liberation of slavery the North wanted the war in order to create a society without slavery. The North's aggression to control the south lead to the where were it was no longer tolerable for the South. With the election of the anti-slavery Republican Abraham Lincoln, the southern states decided they had to take drastic action in order to protect their own interests. The south had been waiting fo r an excuse to secede form the union, the election of Lincoln by the North was their chance. The Northern abolitionists' states were mainly responsible for the Civil war in many political, social and economic aspects. Politically, the Northerners contributed immensely to the opening of the Civil War. John Brown's Raid at Harpers Ferry made the south believe the Northerners had a whole scheme to ban slavery. The South wondered how or why they would remain in the Union when a "murderous gang of abolitionists" were running around. Southerners also believed that this violent abolitionist's view was a common one shared by the entire North. This act of the North made the South resent the North's pushy ways and begin to think of leaving the Union. The Dred... ...nt to the south to free the slaves from their masters and the Underground Railroad that secretly moved slaves from safe house to safe house until they were in Canada, tremendously angered the South. They realized that they needed to fight in order to get the independence they wished for, so then there could therefore do what they wished. Politically, the North further split the views on issues and developed more laws against slavery in the South. Socially the North strengthened their own cause in the because of things like Uncle Tom's cabin; that lead to Northerners forming the Underground Railroad. Economically, the South was crushed with protection tariffs that emptied out southern pockets. The North most definitely contributed to the Political, Social and Economic issues that divided and angered the country in the time before 1861; eventually leading to Civil War. paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-62486740257199874752020-01-15T09:40:00.001-08:002020-01-15T09:40:02.946-08:00Communication Opinion Paper EssayCommunication is the most important tool that we as human us. It is an imperative component in our daily lives. Communication begins when we greet or see another individual that we know. There are many forms of communication and they are effective communication, healthcare communication, and regular communication and many more. The time and place in which we used a type of communication depends on the context of the situation and purpose. Understanding the necessary elements of communication allows individuals to know when and how to use different forms of communication. Elements of communication or sender/receiver when you are speaking to someone they receive the message and then they will give you feedback. Encoding is when you put thought into symbols (gesture or words). Assigning meaning to symbols is called decoding. Message is the idea though, feeling or opinion. Channel is the medium in which through which message travels from sender to receiver. Feedback is the receiver response to the message and indicates how the message is seen (Cheesebro, Oââ¬â¢Connor, Rios, 2010). The entire basic element are needed in order to communicate with other effectively the basic element help you to convey your feeling your though with an individual in order to get feedback from the person that is receiving the message. Do the basic elements and the rules of healthcare communication differ? They are the same in order for you to speak to a patient or their families you still have to us the basic element of effective communication. The ethical principles by treating patients with dignity and respect, being honest and trustworthy in their professional relationship, and maintaining patient confidentiality. We utilize the same element when we are speaking with an individual on a personal aspect. By being honest with the patient and their families they gain confide in the decision that you will make when carrying for the patient. How might a provider encourage communication to a reluctant consumer? When a consumer is reluctant to communicate you have to gain the consumer trust that you know what you are talking about. Sharing situation in a conversation that is similar to the consumer can be helpful and may break the ice. Smiling and reassuring the consumer that you are knowledgeable in can answer any question that they may have (Repetto, Gibson, Lubbers, Gritz, Reiss,). How might cultural differences influence communication? Cultural differences may affect the way you communicate. The differences may be verbal and nonverbal communication. Facial expressions like smiling can indicate that people are friendly and approachable but in other culture people who smile can be seen as inappropriate. Context whether it is high or low. High context culture explain everything that they are talking about and assume that other do not have any information on a certain topic. Low context culture assumed that people understand what is being said to them and as a result, they do not explain everything. Eye contact show interest in another person but in other cultures eye contact convey honesty. Formality speaking can be formal or in formal depending on cultural norms. Informal culture assume that everyone is equal. Formal cultures assume that there is hierarchy among people. Touching the way people touch one another may depend upon whether they are a contact culture or a noncontact culture. Contact cultures touch each other when they are speaking. Noncontact touching is inappropriate, pushy and aggressive. Even though we communicate there are still barrier that can stop us from communicating effectively with other. There are culture barrier and language barrier. We communicate with other on day to day bases; whether it is speaking to a friend or a consumer in order to communicate effectively we have to use the basic elements of communication in order to establish a relationship that is honest straight forward and respectful to whom you are speaking with. Barrier can be hard to overcome as well as cultural differences but with the basic element in place when we are communicating with other can establish a great relationship between the sender and the receiver. References: Communicating in the workplace Thomas Cheesebro, Linda Oââ¬â¢Connor, Francisco Rios, copyright, 2010 Chapter 1 & 3 Practical Application of confidentiality rules to health lake transition instruction Repetto, Jeanne B, Gibson, Robert W, Lubbers, Joyce H., Gritz, Sheila, Reiss, John 2008 vol.29 issue 2 paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-64523656552671211752020-01-07T06:02:00.001-08:002020-01-07T06:02:03.305-08:00All things considered, the contradictions over outside... All things considered, the contradictions over outside arrangements between the US and different nations like Iraq and Afghanistan, alongside differences over staging, and disconnectedness of power and tact have partitioned the nation of America itself with the neighbouring nations and have broken associations between social orders for at any rate the previous two decades if not more. Internationalists, solely marked liberal internationalists, have as far back as anyone can remember accepted that remote arrangement is to a great extent a matter of goodwill, understanding, and determined participation with different states to accomplish normal and aggressive points of multilateral choice making, financial globalization, non-expansion,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦America exceeds and afterward withdraws, trusting that different majority rules systems will venture up and shoulder the load. Iran and Russia extend their impact in the Middle East, and North Korea and China shake the sword in Asia and the Pacific. The parity of force tilts to tyranny, and America by and by turns into a focus of future assault. Terrorists may be preparing today in Syria who will ambush America or its interests tomorrow. What could be done to break this cycle? It is believed that there are indeed ways which could help the current situations. It joins together the best of the current approaches and leaves the most noticeably bad one out of the equation. It looks to enhance the world system and spread freedom, as liberal internationalism does; it utilizes, however trains, power with necessities and compromise, as realism does; and it doesnt surrender control to universal foundations yet safeguards American sovereignty, as nationalism does. It is an internationalist approach yet with more conservative brakesââ¬âa progressive as opposed to liberal internationalism. It is believed that one of the ways which could be used to break this cycle and over a long term prevent it from recurring. It is to acknowledge the fact that conservative internationalism demandsShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Effective Diversity Management On An Organization Essay2777 Words à |à 12 PagesThe act of tending to and supporting various ways of life and individual qualities inside of a characterized gathering. 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In the 21st century, has the concept become dated? Has the freak show been revealed for the mistreatment and subjugation of many poor human beings? We live in times where many things that were once discriminated are now accepted and many kinds of people recognized as members of society and although there are instances that would challenge that notion, it is only a minority. This represents the progress mankind has made to understandRead More Augustine St. Clare of Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe2980 Words à |à 12 Pageschapter or two, as another stereotype, i.e. the southern slaveholder who doesnt like slavery, he could almost be dismissed as just another interesting element, one more point of view, on the issue of slavery.à But St. Clare dominates over one third of this book--his speeches are Stowes mouthpiece for her abolitionist politics.à He and his moral ambiguity cannot be dismissed.à In many ways, St. Clare is at the very center of this book.à Not just literally and chronologically paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-42064687429656410782019-12-30T02:28:00.001-08:002019-12-30T02:28:04.596-08:00Computer Networking is Revolutionizing Our Society The Internet, a combination of technology, communication, and media, is a developing and unique medium in its infancy. Technology and tools of communication are still in the process of development as technology continues to advance. As a site of cultural, political, and ideological discussion, it has unquestionably contributed to a culture and lifestyle dependent on technology. The World Wide Web has reconfigured peopleââ¬â¢s perception of the world, allowing access to an extensive amount of information that previously has been inaccessible to them. In addition to enabling users to gain access to a plethora of information, the Internet is a tool of globalization in which ideas, knowledge, and thoughts are instantaneously shared on a worldwide scale. While some have portrayed the Internet as a powerful tool for free expression on the global network, others have highlighted the potential of networks with which the government can constrain the power of organizations through collectiv e online actions and surveillance. With increasing advancements in technology comes greater and easier access to information and control. In a democratic nation, the Internetââ¬â¢s ability to facilitate access to information about another person violates privacy rights. With the Internet, existing laws are ambiguous about what standards apply for different kinds of surveillance. Computer networking is revolutionizing our society in an affirmative way. Technological advances like the Internet facilitatesShow MoreRelatedSteam: The Largest Software and Gaming Community Hub755 Words à |à 3 Pagesdistribute video games and related media online. Steam makes up over 75% of all computer game sales and as of 2012 Steam now offers software for music creation, video editing, video game creation, and much more on top of the 3,000 games they have in the ââ¬Ëcloudââ¬â¢ as well. Steam provides its users, which includes over 75 million people, with automatic content management, an inter active profile, friends, groups, chats, networking, match making and even card trading (Richardson, 2012). Steam also allows usersRead MoreThe Impact Of New Media On The Globalization Process?1081 Words à |à 5 Pagesfeeds, text messaging, blogs, social networks etc. It is possible for everyone that can access to the new media to use simple tools to create, modify and share content and share it with anyone in different parts of world, using a mobile device or computer with Internet access. It is very easy and convenient for the public to edit information on Internet. To large extent the new media has played an important role in the globalization process. The rise of new media has greatly increased communicationRead MoreEssay Title: Computer Revolution1594 Words à |à 7 Pagesobject can drastically change our lives forever. 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Innovative channels of political participation online Characterized by its feature of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Computer-mediated communication (CMC), the Internet provides a wide platform for diverse and free political participation which was unprecedented before the emergence of Internet. It provides citizen with easy and quick access to political information andRead MoreSocial Media6807 Words à |à 28 PagesRecommendations 21 Creating an Account21 General Recommendations22 Conclusion26 References28 Abstract Social networking sites spread information faster than any other media. Over 50% of people learn about breaking news on social media. 65% of traditional media reporters and editors use sites like Facebook and LinkedIn for story research, and 52% use Twitter. Social networking sites are the top news source for 27.8% of Americans, ranking close to newspapers (28.8%) and above radio (18.8%) and paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-4685777609833329742019-12-21T22:14:00.001-08:002019-12-21T22:14:04.010-08:00Essay on Life of Eudora Welty - 1060 Words Eudora Welty was born in 1909, in Jackson, Mississippi, grew up in a prosperous home with her two younger brothers. Her parent was an Ohio-born insurance man and a strong-minded West Virginian schoolteacher, who settled in Jackson in 1904 after their marriage. Eudoraââ¬â¢s school life began attending a white-only school. As born and brought up under strict supervision and influence, at the age of sixteen she somehow convinced her parents to attend college far enough from home, to Columbus, Mississippi and then to Madison, Wisconsin. After graduation in 1930, she moved to New York to attend Columbia Business School. While living in New York, Harlem Jazz theatre occupied her more than her class did. She returned to Jackson in 1931 following herâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Welty hasnââ¬â¢t published any new volumes of short stories since ââ¬Å"The Bride of Innisfallenâ⬠in 1955 and it renewed her interest in fiction. In the early 1970ââ¬â¢s to 80ââ¬â¢s she wrote many novels and short stories. Her most complex stories in ââ¬Å"The Golden Applesâ⬠won critical acclaim, and she received a number of prizes and awards throughout the following decade. She won the William Dean Howellââ¬â¢s Medal of Academy of Arts. Welty also won the letters for her novel ââ¬Å"The Ponder Heartâ⬠. In the 1970ââ¬â¢s she published two novels, ââ¬Å"Losing Battlesâ⬠and ââ¬Å"The Optimistââ¬â¢s Daughterâ⬠, which was much more critically successful and won a Pulitzer Prize. Her autobiographical book ââ¬Å"One Writerââ¬â¢s Beginningsâ⬠is a remarkably useful account of her origins and development as a writer. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Salahuddin 3 For her literary work Eudora Welty has received almost every award a nation can give. She received Freedom Medal of Honor twice from President Jimmy Carter and President Ronald Ragen. Other awards include the Gold Medal for the Novel from the National Institute of Arts and Letters, the Bobst Award in Arts and Letters, eight Henry Memorial Prizes, the Howellââ¬â¢s Medal from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the American Book Award for Paperback Fiction, The St. Louis Literary Award, the Lillian Smith Award, the Common Wealth Award from the Modern Language Association, the Phi BetaShow MoreRelated Eudora Welty: Her Life And Her Works Essay1210 Words à |à 5 Pages Eudora Welty: Her Life and Her Works Eudora Weltys writing style and us of theme and setting aided her in becoming one of the greatest writers of all time. Welty credits her family for her success. quot;Without the love and belief my family gave me, I could not have become a writer to begin withquot; (Welty, IX). Eudora Weltys writings are light- hearted and realistic. Her stories explore common everyday life. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Eudora Welty was born in Jackson, Mississippi, onRead MoreEudora Welty Essays1088 Words à |à 5 Pageswas one of the largest social movements in the United States. Eudora Welty was born in 1909, right around the time where womens rights were being debated the most. Welty grew up in Mississippi, a common setting in many of her short stories. She was a smart girl who enjoyed reading and writing. Welty was also an artistic soul who enjoyed painting, photography and drawing. Eudora Welty started her career as a writer early on in her life. After attending college to receive a degree in literature, sheRead MoreEssay about Writings About Mississippi by Eudora Welty1311 Words à |à 6 PagesEudora Alice Welty practically spent her whole life living in Mississippi. Mississippi is the setting in a large portion of her short stories and books. Most of her stories take place in Mississippi because she focuses on the manners of people living in a small Mississippi to wn. Writing about the lives of Mississippi folk is one main reason Welty is a known author. Weltyââ¬â¢s stories are based upon the way humans interact in social encounters. She focuses on womenââ¬â¢s situations and consciousness. AnotherRead MoreEudora Welty s The Optimist s Daughter Essay1551 Words à |à 7 PagesEudora Welty as a Feminine Feminist Femininity and feminism do not necessarily go hand in hand, since women who embrace it are typically associated with submissiveness. However, in the case of Eudora Welty, the use of womanlike diction and characteristics complement Weltyââ¬â¢s style and highlight her subtle feminism. Her novel, The Optimistââ¬â¢s Daughter, reflect the feminist events of Eudora Weltyââ¬â¢s life and of the Feminist Movement in the 1960ââ¬â¢s and 1970ââ¬â¢s. Breaking down her writing style leads to theRead More Lessons Learned in Eudora Weltys The Little Store Essay770 Words à |à 4 PagesLessons Learned in Eudora Weltys ââ¬Å"The Little Storeâ⬠Eudora Welty in her short story ââ¬Å"The Little Store,â⬠is attempting to portray the simplicity and innocence of her youth prior to her realization that there was a world beyond her own. Welty foreshadows her realization and loss of innocence even before her transition to an adult. Welty reveals her childhood innocence in her description of her trips to the little store. As a child, innocence can be shown by believing everythingRead MoreOne Writers Beginnings Rhetorical Analysis1216 Words à |à 5 Pagesrealities. In ââ¬Å"One Writerââ¬â¢s Beginnings,â⬠Eudora Welty details her very sheltered life. Afraid of any dangers that may affect her, Weltyââ¬â¢s parents attempted to shield her from the world around her. Weltyââ¬â¢s mother made the world around her seem more dangerous. As a byproduct of her sheltered youth, Welty reveals the truth in a palatable manner. She spends considerable effort making the truth non-painful. Every person copes with pain and loss differently. In many ways, Welty hides from the truth or at leastRead MoreEssay about Family as Theater in Eudora Weltys Why I Live at the P.O.898 Words à |à 4 PagesFamily as Theater in Eudora Weltys Why I Live at the P.O. à à à à The outspoken narrator of Eudora Weltys Why I Live at the P.O., known to us only as Sister, intends to convince us--the world at large--that her family has turned against her, led on by her sister, itella-Rondo. To escape her family, she explains, she has left home and now lives at the P.O., where she is postmistress. As she delivers her monologue, the narrator reveals more about herself than she intends. We see herRead MoreEudora Welty s A Worn Path1481 Words à |à 6 PagesA very famous writer and novelist, Eudora Welty, has written many short stories and novels. Weltyââ¬â¢s work is mainly focused with great precision on the regional manners of people inhabiting a small Mississippi town that resembles her own birthplace and the Delta country. Welty was born on April 13, 1909 and was raised by her close-knit and loving parents. In fact, Welty inherited the love of language from her mother. During her lifetime, Welty has earned many awards from her short stori es and novelRead MoreA Worn Path: Struggle For Racial Equality Essay1522 Words à |à 7 PagesA Worn Path: Struggle for Racial Equality In A Worn Path, a short story by Eudora Welty, the main character, an old colored woman named Phoenix, slowly but surely makes her way down a worn path through the woods. Throughout her journey, she runs into many obstacles such as a thorny bush and a hunter. She overcomes these obstacles and continues with her travels. She finally reaches her destination, the doctorââ¬â¢s office, where she gets medicine for her sick grandson back home. Many critics haveRead MoreA Worn Path: Struggle for Racial Equality1550 Words à |à 7 Pagesââ¬Å"A Worn Pathâ⬠: Struggle for Racial Equality In ââ¬Å"A Worn Pathâ⬠, a short story by Eudora Welty, the main character, an old colored woman named Phoenix, slowly but surely makes her way down a ââ¬Å"worn pathâ⬠through the woods. Throughout her journey, she runs into many obstacles such as a thorny bush and a hunter. She overcomes these obstacles and continues with her travels. She finally reaches her destination, the doctorââ¬â¢s office, where she gets medicine for her sick grandson back home. Many critics have paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-66973809085908041832019-12-13T18:45:00.001-08:002019-12-13T18:45:03.436-08:00Food Waste Reduction in the Factory Free Essays 3. 0Food Waste Reduction in the Factory It is obvious that dealing with food waste reduction in factory is simply just reducing the creation of food production in factory. Of course, this is some kind of irrelevant ways to prevent the production of food waste in industry without using any of an smart engineering method to actually reduce it without reducing the creation of food production in factory. We will write a custom essay sample on Food Waste Reduction in the Factory or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the same time, the profits that the factory made would not have occurs any reduction if an applicable food waste reduction techniques is applied. Thus, sources and products can be saved from waste which concurrently will also save from the consumption of time, money and workload in the factory (Creedon, 2010). Therefore, a necessary food technology engineering method should be applied to the reduction of food waste in factory. First of all, before the factory actually thinking of reduces the food waste of the food created in the factory, they should first know and to determine the characteristics of every particular biscuits produced in Khong Guan. After the characteristics of every particular biscuits has been determined, then they need to monitored either hand-operated or non-hand-operated machine to detect the most acceptable range for the characteristic of every type of biscuits. The most vital characteristic of the biscuit that they should have been concerned on is the moisture content. The moisture content plays an important roles since its ensures that biscuits are generally free from microbiological spoilage and have a long shelf life if they are protected from absorbing moisture from damp surroundings or atmosphere. Biscuits have relatively high energy density compared with other baked goods. The biscuit produced in Khong Guan has a moisture content of about 1 to 5%, if it exceeded than that, it can be considered spoiled and be thrown away as food waste (Baked info). Technically, we cannot produce a good and perfect quality of the biscuit constantly in a day without have any unwanted or abnormal biscuit produced throughout the process. An abnormal biscuit is biscuit that is produced from the factory that did not meet the ranges and requirements of the quality or characteristic of the biscuit production. Hence, it is also called as unwanted since they do not want to have any irregular features of the biscuit production for the community. In this case, they use the most common engineering way of reducing the food waste by opt to recycle in order to save food waste, money and time in the factory. Another technique they use to recycle the food waste is by using the excess/extra dough after the molding has press on the dough sheet to make the rectangle shape of the biscuit and the extra one they recycled back to mix it with the fresh dough again. This procedures repeat itself on every dough has made after the molding process in order to get the used flour and reuse it for the fresh one. This way is not only save the food waste created from the process, but also save more cost on buying more flour for the fresh dough production (Answer TM, 2009). The other common cases happened such as, the over flour created, abnormal shape of the biscuit, extra moisture content of the biscuit or the cream as we have mentioned before at above, and etc. All of these matters they have put in more awareness so that the biscuit production produce more constantly good products by using recycling method. Since recycling is apparently the easiest way to reduce the food waste produced in factory (Brokerage, 2012). Thus an engineering thought has been made that, since they cannot produce a 100% good quality of biscuit constantly throughout the biscuit process production, but they are able to actually reduce the food waste creation by opt to recycle the unwanted or abnormal biscuit to repeat the same process to obtain a better quality of the biscuit products. There are other methods they use to reduce the food waste in factory which they use the cold chain and packaging method where they store the food into the so called refrigerator to ensure the characteristic of biscuit requirements are maintained in ranges. The transportation of temperature sensitive biscuits sometimes requires an in-depth knowledge of the cold chain: a poorly controlled step can result in the loss of a biscuit or a biscuit that becomes toxic. Moreover, lack of knowledge about the cold chain or about the rules applicable to the use of packaging can result in lost biscuits. Thus, this method is able to cut food waste and create good security of the biscuit. Other than that, the methods of reducing the food waste of biscuit in factory also affected by the workers themselves in the factory. Of course, people nowadays in a modern era started using more advanced technologies to produce products in any factory. Otherness in Khong Guan, most of the process was operated by humanââ¬â¢s hand to produce some particular types of biscuits. Hence, this is an important procedure that needs to be operated thoroughly in order to avoid humanââ¬â¢s error. Otherwise, the characteristic of the biscuit produced does not meet its requirement and this will cause a major destruction of the biscuit products that will eventually lead to food waste. The other method such as improving a quality control and process monitoring rigorously of the biscuit also can be made in Khong Guan factory. Steps can be taken to ensure that the number of reject batches is kept to a minimum. This is achieved by increasing the frequency of inspection and the number of points of inspection. For example, install particular automated continuous monitoring equipment can help to identify production problems at an early stage. This step can reduce the product waste at early stage and avoids any complication before the process moves to the mid-stage of process. Another common methods can be used in any food processing factory is to obtain a good designs of a silo as the raw material storage. Why this is important? Well, as we already covered an essential part of particle technology that so much related to the food technology, we need to find what is the best condition to design a silo that used to store raw material before it proceeds to the processing part. Otherwise, like I said, the design of the silo is not at the specific range in terms of angle of repose or the sizes, it will create an arc shape which blocked the material to flow through. Eventually, the hopper storage will get clogged and lead to food or material waste. Hence a better design of the silo/hopper for any particular raw material needs to be aware as well. References ââ¬Å"Waste minimisation. â⬠Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 13 April. 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Waste_minimisation ââ¬Å"Angle of repose. â⬠Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 13 April. 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Angle_of_repose Answer TM. (2009). Retrieved April 12, 2013, from What is the moisture content of biscuits? : http://wiki. answers. om/Q/What_is_the_moisture_content_of_biscuits Biscuits. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 13, 2013, from Bake Info: http://www. bakeinfo. co. nz/Facts/Biscuit-making Brokerage. (2012). Why Recycle Food Waste? Retrieved from ECO Food REcycling LTD: http://www. ecofoodrecycling. co. uk/services-products/why-recycle-food-waste/ Creedon, M. (2010, July 15). Less Food Waste More Profit. Retrieved April 13, 2013, from http://www. carlow. ie/SiteCollectionDocument s/All%20Services/Environment/Business%20Waste/less-food-waste-and-more-profit. pdf How to cite Food Waste Reduction in the Factory, Essays paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-17527238885344793752019-12-05T15:05:00.001-08:002019-12-05T15:05:04.430-08:00Woodrow Wilson vs Theodore Roosevelt free essay sample Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson went through trials pertaining to foreign affairs as president. Both Roosevelt and Wilson put forth significant efforts in their foreign policies. They were similar in some of their intentions and goals for the world, yet they differed in some of the ways they went about obtaining these goals; however, Rooseveltââ¬â¢s foreign policy was more effective than Wilsonââ¬â¢s because of its lasting effects. Some of the reasons why Roosevelt and Wilson were involved in foreign affairs are similar, if not the same. War caused a lot of tension between nations and was a major reason that Roosevelt and Wilson involved themselves in foreign affairs. Roosevelt stepped in to stop the Russo-Japanese war; he had Russia acknowledge the territorial gains of Japan and had Japan agree to end fighting as well as put a stop to their expansion. In the years that followed, Japan was becoming a naval power in the Pacific, therefore, Roosevelt sent the ââ¬Å"Great White Fleetâ⬠to intimidate Japan and remind them of the power that America had. Wilson was a member of the Big Four that tried to find a perfect peace treaty for the end of World War 1. He began by promoting his Fourteen Points, and later presented the Treaty of Versailles. Another reason why both Roosevelt and Wilson were involved in foreign affairs was because they wanted America to increase their influence on surrounding nations. Roosevelt was looking for ways to help smaller countries because he believed America was a more civilized power while Wilson was working to help Nicaragua keep control over the area wanted for a canal. Also, both were involved in Caribbean politics. Roosevelt used the Roosevelt Corollary in the Dominican Republic as well as giving Cuba political independence after they agreed to the Platt Amendment. An example of Wilsonââ¬â¢s connection to the Caribbean is provided when Wilson purchases the West Indies from Denmark because Wilson fears that Germany could gain control of them. Though their foreign policies contain many similarities, they have many differences as well. Most of the differences between Roosevelt and Wilsonââ¬â¢s foreign policies pertained to the way they went about taking care of problems. For one, Roosevelt and Wilson had different views on secrecy. During a short time, Roosevelt had a secret agreement with Japan to make sure that trade for the United States would remain free in that area of the world; however, in Wilsonââ¬â¢s Fourteen Points, he made a point against secret treaties. Another difference is clearly shown in their enthusiasm toward foreign affairs. Roosevelt enjoyed being involved with other nations because he felt that he was the one in control and that he didnââ¬â¢t have to worry about what Congress thought of his ideas. One the other hand, when Wilson entered office he had little interest in dealing with other nations. Throughout the first half of World War 1 this is shown in his struggle to remain neutral. The views of Roosevelt and Wilson differ once again between the views of military. In Rooseveltââ¬â¢s eyes, it was important to build up the military in preparation to fight. Wilsonââ¬â¢s Fourteen Points, however, state that the world should proceed to reduce the size of armaments. Also, Roosevelt differed from Wilson in the way they thought conflict should be policed. Roosevelt liked to handle problems on his own, for example, the Russo-Japanese war. He personally went in and took care of the conflict, which reveals why he received a Nobel Peace Prize. Wilson, however, believed that multiple people, or nations, should take care of conflict, which motivated him to work towards creating the League of Nations during the peace conference in 1919. Although both foreign policies differ in many ways, Rooseveltââ¬â¢s policy was more effective. Rooseveltââ¬â¢s foreign policy was overall more effective than Wilsonââ¬â¢s because he was able to successfully implement more of his policies. For one, very few of his plans were used in the peace conference. Also, Wilson couldnââ¬â¢t get support from the people for his Treat of Versailles because he was too stubborn to accept any compromise to his plans. Wilson worked so hard to try to gain support for his Treaty of Versailles that he became ill, yet his efforts still were not good enough. When Wilson tried to stabilize the relationship between the United States and Mexico, but it just caused more tension and conflict between the two countries in the late 1910s. On the other hand, Roosevelt was able to obtain the Roosevelt Corollary, which allowed the military to step in when it needed to help the smaller, neighboring nations. Under Rooseveltââ¬â¢s control the nation was able to grant Cuba political independence by having them agree to the Platt Amendment, which gave the US the right to prevent any other nations from attacking Cuba. Not to mention that Roosevelt was able to gain the Panama Canal and also help Panama become an independent nation. Overall, Roosevelt clearly was able to help the United States with its foreign affairs more than Wilson was able to. Though Roosevelt and Wilson had similarities between their foreign policies, they had many differences as well. Both wanted what was best for the world and they both believed that they were obtaining that through their foreign policies. However, they went about this in different ways. Roosevelt obtained higher excellence regarding his foreign policies with other nations. paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-18506003170624027832019-11-28T16:12:00.001-08:002019-11-28T16:12:05.147-08:00Literary Analysis of the Dubliners Essay ExampleLiterary Analysis of the Dubliners Paper ENG 301 Literature Analysis Title: Dubliners ââ¬Å"Evelineâ⬠, James Joyce Cast: Main Characters: Eveline Hill, her father, her mother, Frank, Minor Characters: a man, the children playing in the field( the Devines, Waters, Dunns, little Keogh, her brothers and sisters, Ernest, Tizzie Dunn, Margaret Alacovaz, Miss Gaven, Harry and the organ player Character: Eveline Hill Caregiver: The character Eveline is portrayed as the caretaker. ââ¬Å"She had hard work to keep the house together and to see that the two young children whom had been left to her to charge went to school regularly and got their meals regularly. ( Eveline to self, 37) Since her mother has pasted on, Eveline has had to assume the role of the nurturer because she was the only one that was capable of doing so. She was in charge of the dusting, cleaning and taking care of everything since her mother had past so to her this just seemed to be so routine to her, as well as living in Dublin for all these years this is just what she knows and feels comfortable with. Conformist: Her father seemed to be somewhat of a director towards her as well as does her lover Frank. He father doesnââ¬â¢t seem to condone her relationship with Frank. ââ¬Å"The organ player had been ordered to go away and given six pence. She remembered her father strutting back into the sickroom saying Damned Italians! Coming over here! â⬠(Eveline to self, 39) Her father is very domineering and tries to tell her what to do and that he seems to know what is best for her. He even goes as far as taking her paycheck that she gets from the store that she works at and from watching the children as well. She also seems to think that Franks will drown her if she ends up going with him as opposed to staying because she will have the challenges with a new marriage, a new home and possibly children. Oppressor: Paralysis seems to be another factor within the story. ââ¬Å"She sat her white face to him, passive, like a helpless animal. â⬠(Eveline to self, 41) Itââ¬â¢s like she freezes when the opportunity arises to be able to gain from her new experiences. She canââ¬â¢t seem to let go of the memories which again is what seems to also be holding her back. We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Analysis of the Dubliners specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Analysis of the Dubliners specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Analysis of the Dubliners specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She seems to have an epiphany when she realizes that he is gone and that she is going to have to deal with the regret of not going with Frank just to see how it would have been if she had made the decision to go with him. Loner: There are many senses that are used quite often throughout this reading. ââ¬Å"Windowsâ⬠is a common word repeated throughout. ââ¬Å"She sat at the window watching the evening invade the avenue. â⬠(Eveline to self, 34) This seems to show a reflection on her own situations and relations she has with other people. She hears the organ and it reminds her of her mother and how she lived and she doesnââ¬â¢t want to have a repeat of her life, but her impulses and the reliance she has seems to override the impulses. One other sense that seems to be reoccurring is hearing. She hears footsteps outside the window in front of the new houses and this again shows that there seems to be some sense of a loner town and that there is really nothing keeping her there but again her family. Survivor: ââ¬Å"She gripped with both hands at the iron railing. (Eveline to self, 40) This shows that she has comfort in staying and surviving the life she has in Dublin. She had the chance to leave what she has always known but instead she decides to stay and live up to her word that she told her dying mother. Setting: Dublin, Ireland, 1904, an old room mainly setting in the window, the dock Plot: A young lady named Eveline Hill is setting alone in her home pondering the idea of leaving Dublinââ¬â¢s ordinary life tha t seem to be based on experiences to elope with her love Frank the sailor, but in the end she abandons him at the dock. Theme: ââ¬Å"He rushed beyond the barrier and called to her to follow. He was shouted at to go on but he still called to her. She set her white face to him, passive, like a helpless animal. Her eyes gave him no sign of love or farewell or recognition. â⬠(40,Eveline to self) Within this story, it depicts a young lady named Eveline trying to debate if she wants to stay in Dublin and what she has always known or to take an adventure with her lover to Buenos Ayres to live. This seems to be her only way to escape from everyone/everything and be able to have a chance to be able to start a new life with her lover Frank. This seems to portray some type of relation between life and death. The reason being is that Eveline seems to think that her leaving is in a way of that particular part of her life dying off and with her leaving, this is a way to a new life for her away from everyone in Dublin. She seems to be pondering the idea of giving up her chance at love so that she may stay where she has always been. Eveline has done the same jobs of working for other people, giving her paychecks to her dad and taking care of her brothers for so long that she is not quite sure how to really do anything else. She is so stuck in her routine with the way of doing things for others that she is willing to let go of her chance at true romance. It seems to be that they are trying to make her feel bad in a way of mental abuse so that she will not leave them. It seems to be so that she can have the chance to experience new things, such as moving away to be with her lover Frank and for once have happiness in her life. Evelineââ¬â¢s father as well as her brothers donââ¬â¢t really care or care to see what makes her happy. They are all in it for themselves. Her father and brothers have had things done for them for so long they donââ¬â¢t want to have to actually do something for themselves. Her family knows that if she stays, she will continue on with her daily routine. From this particular story, family seems to be the overall big picture for the theme. Everything seems to come back to the family. She does what she does on her daily routine because of her family; she does everything to help out her family even if it doesnââ¬â¢t make her happy. In the end she lets her lover leave without her because of her family as well. paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-43485918700330375062019-11-24T23:47:00.001-08:002019-11-24T23:47:05.218-08:00Global Warming and Its Effect on Marine PopulationsGlobal Warming and Its Effect on Marine Populations Global warming, an increase in the Earths average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate, is a growing environmental concern caused by industry and agriculture in the mid-20th century to the present. As greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide and methane are released into the atmosphere, a shield forms around the Earth, trapping heatà and, therefore, creating a general warming effect. Oceans are one of the areas most affected by this warming. Rising air temperatures affect the physical nature of the oceans. As air temperatures rise, water becomes less dense and separates from a nutrient-filled cold layer below. This is the basis for a chain effect that impacts all marine life that counts on these nutrients for survival. There are two general physical effects of ocean warming on marine populations that are crucial to consider: Changes in natural habitats and food supplyChanging ocean chemistry/acidification Changes in Natural Habitats and Food Supply Phytoplankton, one-celled plants that live at the oceans surface and algae use photosynthesis for nutrients. Photosynthesis is a process that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and converts it into organic carbon and oxygen, which feedà almost every ecosystem.à According to a NASA study, phytoplankton is more likely to thrive in cooler oceans. Similarly, algae, a plant that produces food for other marine life through photosynthesis, is vanishing due to ocean warming. Since oceans are warmer, nutrients cant travel upward to these suppliers, which survive only in oceans small surface layer. Without those nutrients, phytoplankton and algae cannot supplement marine life with necessary organic carbon and oxygen. Yearly Growth Cycles Various plants and animals in the oceans need both a temperature and light balance in order to thrive. Temperature-driven creatures, such as phytoplankton, have started their yearly growth cycle earlier in the season due to warming oceans. Light-driven creatures start their yearly growth cycle around the same time. Since phytoplankton thrive in earlier seasons, the entire food chain is affected. Animals that once traveled to the surface for food are now finding an area void of nutrients, and light-driven creatures are starting their growth cycles at different times. This creates a non-synchronous natural environment. Migration The warming of oceans may also lead to migration of organisms along the coasts. Heat-tolerant species, such as shrimp, expand northward, while heat-intolerant species, such as clams and flounder, retreat northward. This migration leads to a new mix of organisms in an entirely new environment, ultimately causing changes in predatory habits. If some organisms cannot adapt to their new marine environment, they will not flourish and will die off. Changing Ocean Chemistry/Acidification As carbon dioxide is released into the oceans, the ocean chemistry drastically changes. Greater carbon dioxide concentrations released into the oceans create increased ocean acidity. As ocean acidity increases, phytoplankton isà reduced. This results in fewer ocean plants able to convert greenhouse gasses. Increased ocean acidity also threatens marine life, such as corals and shellfish, which may become extinct later this century from the chemical effects of carbon dioxide. Acidifications Effect on Coral Reefs Coral, one of the leading sources for the oceans food and livelihood, is also changing with global warming. Naturally, coral secretes tiny shells of calcium carbonate in order to form its skeleton. Yet, as carbon dioxide from global warming is released into the atmosphere, acidification increases and the carbonate ions vanish. This results in lower extension rates or weaker skeletons in most corals. Coral Bleaching Coral bleaching, the breakdown in the symbiotic relationship between coral and algae, is also occurring with warmer ocean temperatures. Since zooxanthellae, or algae, give coral its particular coloration, increased carbon dioxide in the planets oceans causes coral stress and a release of this algae. This leads to a lighter appearance. When this relationship that is so important for our ecosystem to survive vanishes, corals begin to weaken. Consequently, food and habitats for a great number of marine life are also destroyed. Holocene Climatic Optimum Theà drastic climate change known as Holocene Climatic Optimum (HCO) and its effect on surrounding wildlife is not new. The HCO, a general warming period displayed in fossil records from 9,000 to 5,000 BP, proves that climate change can directly impact natures inhabitants. In 10,500 BP, younger dryas, a plant that once spread throughout the world in various cold climates, became nearly extinct due to this warming period. Toward the end of the warming period, this plant that so much of nature had depended on was only found in the few areas that remained cold. Just as younger dryas became scarce in the past, phytoplankton, coral reefs, and the marine life that depend on them are becoming scarce today. Earths environment is continuing on a circular path that may soon lead to chaos within a once naturally balanced environment. Future Outlook and Human Effects The warming of the oceans and its effect on marine life has a direct impact on human life. As coral reefs die, the world loses an entire ecological habitat of fish. According to the World Wildlife Fund, a small increase of 2 degrees Celsius would destroy almost all existing coral reefs. Additionally, ocean circulation changes due to warming would have a disastrous effect on marine fisheries. This drastic outlook is often hard to imagine. It can only be related to a similar historical event. Fifty-five million years ago, ocean acidification led to a mass extinction of ocean creatures. According to fossil records, it took more than 100,000 years for the oceans to recover. Eliminating the use of greenhouse gasses and protecting the oceans can prevent this from occurring again. paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971388913056261676.post-42463973799568049482019-11-21T08:31:00.001-08:002019-11-21T08:31:10.101-08:00Public Health infrastructure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsPublic Health infrastructure - Research Paper Example No single effort toward the infrastructural development can undermine the factors which intensify the virus spread. This comprehensive approach should be supported by adequate funding, workforce, and laboratory facilities, especially where the disease is highly endemic. However, having a well praised health infrastructure is not what all needed, but it must be supported with available scientific evidence for decision making. Creating on time administration policies is also important. These policies must include prevention programs and other aspects regarding the operational research. The research process in the public health infrastructure must be more clear, specific, and effective than they are in the current scenario. The research team should conduct significant research missions regarding the means to countermand the spread of HIV/AIDS. They should adopt programs from the international research leaders like the MHRP. The U.S. Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), 1986, protected the service personnel as well as the global community by diminishing the risk of HIV infection (Uganda). Until now, MHRP has been leading the International HIV vaccine development efforts, having five research sites in Asia and Africa. paigephillips704http://www.blogger.com/profile/10790413584702366934noreply@blogger.com0